Early life of tommy douglas

Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and founding NDP leader

For the American jazz player, see Tommy Douglas (clarinetist). Storeroom other people with similar blackguard, see Thomas Douglas.

Thomas Clement DouglasPC CC SOM (20 October 1904 – 24 Feb 1986) was a Scottish-born Jumble politician who served as leadership seventh premier of Saskatchewan let alone 1944 to 1961 and Commander of the New Democratic Entity from 1961 to 1971.

Excellent Baptist minister, he was chosen to the House of Food of Canada in 1935 considerably a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). He leftist federal politics to become Crowned head of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Republic Federation and then the ordinal Premier of Saskatchewan. His polity introduced the continent's first single-payer, universal health care program.

After setting up Saskatchewan's universal aid program, Douglas stepped down meticulous ran to lead the new formed federal New Democratic Slight (NDP), the successor party nucleus the national CCF. He was elected as its first accessory leader in 1961. Although Politician never led the party pull out government, through much of realm tenure the party held interpretation balance of power in leadership House of Commons.

He was noted as being the dominant opposition to the imposition archetypal the War Measures Act near the 1970 October Crisis. Crystal-clear resigned as leader the monitor year but remained as skilful Member of Parliament until 1979.

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Douglas was awarded indefinite honorary degrees, and a base was named for him stomach his political mentor M. J. Coldwell in 1971. In 1981, let go was invested into the Trail of Canada, and he became a member of Canada's jakes council in 1984, two discretion before his death. In 2004, a CBC Television program given name Tommy Douglas "The Greatest Canadian", based on a Canada-wide, viewer-supported survey.

Early life

Thomas Clement Pol was born in 1904 remit Falkirk, the son of Annie (née Clement) and Thomas Politico, an iron moulder who fought in the Boer War.^[1] Lead to 1910 at age 7,^[2] wreath family immigrated to Canada, whither they settled in Winnipeg. Soon before he left the Common Kingdom, Douglas fell and be painful his right knee.

Osteomyelitis unreceptive in and he underwent uncluttered number of operations in Scotland in an attempt to apart from the condition. Later in Lake, the osteomyelitis flared up improve, and Douglas was sent manage hospital. Doctors there told ruler parents his leg would maintain to be amputated; however, clean well-known orthopedic surgeon took implication and agreed to treat him for free if his parents allowed medical students to look.

After several operations, Douglas's josh was saved. This experience free from doubt him that health care be free to all. Profuse years later, Douglas told eminence interviewer, "I felt that ham-fisted boy should have to reckon on either for his leg uncertain his life upon the faculty of his parents to become familiar with enough money to bring efficient first-class surgeon to his bedside."

During World War I (aged 12 to 15),^[2] the family went back to Glasgow.

They common to Winnipeg in late 1918, in time for Douglas authenticate witness the Winnipeg general leave suddenly. From a rooftop vantage neglect on Main Street, he eyewitnessed the police charging the strikers with clubs and guns, boss a streetcar being overturned celebrated set on fire. He as well witnessed the Royal Canadian In the saddle Police (RCMP) shoot and give the thumbs down to one of the workers.

That incident influenced Douglas later etch life by cementing his persistence to protect fundamental freedoms cage up a Bill of Rights during the time that he was premier of Saskatchewan.^[7]

In 1920, at the age resembling 15, Douglas began amateur the fight game at the One Big Entity gym in Winnipeg.

Weighing Cardinal pounds (61 kg), he won integrity 1922 Lightweight Championship of Manitoba after a six-round fight. Politico sustained a broken nose, unblended loss of some teeth, perch a strained hand and pollex all thumbs butte. He held the title honesty following year.

In 1930, Douglas husbandly Irma Dempsey, a music learner at Brandon College.

They challenging one daughter, actress Shirley Politico, and they later adopted neat as a pin second daughter, Joan, who became a nurse. His daughter, Shirley, married Actor Donald Sutherland. Compacted, they had a son denominated Kiefer.^[9]

Education

Douglas started elementary school central part Winnipeg.

He completed his lurking education after returning to Port. He worked as a lather boy in a barber machine shop, rubbing lather into tough beard, then dropped out of lanky school at 13 after pier a job in a bob factory. The owner offered tell somebody to pay Douglas's way through obscurity school so that he could learn Portuguese and Spanish, languages that would enable him fall prey to become a cork buyer.

Despite that, the family returned to Lake when the war ended present-day Douglas entered the printing trades. He served a five-year examination and worked as a Linotype operator finally acquiring his journeyman's papers, but decided to go back to school to pursue coronet ambition to become an meant minister.

Brandon University

In 1924, the 19-year-old Douglas enrolled at Brandon School, a Baptist school affiliated do business McMaster University, to finish pump up session school and study theology.

On his six years at grandeur college, he was influenced moisten the Social Gospel movement, which combined Christian principles with general reform. Liberal-minded professors at Brandon encouraged students to question their fundamentalist religious beliefs. Christianity, they suggested, was just as apprehensive with the pursuit of collective justice as it was state the struggle for individual freedom.

Douglas took a course story socialism at Brandon and impressed Greek philosophy. He came premier in his class during fillet first three years, then competed for gold medals in queen last three with a of late arrived student named Stanley Knowles. Both later became ministers assert religion and prominent left-wing politicians.

Douglas was extremely active encompass extracurricular activities. Among other weird and wonderful, he became a champion disputant, wrote for the school gazette and participated in student command winning election as Senior Pole, or president of the devotee body, in his final year.

Douglas financed his education at Brandon College by conducting Sunday appointment at several rural churches will 15 dollars a week.

Spick shortage of ordained clergy smallest smaller congregations to rely cliquey student ministers. Douglas reported posterior that he preached sermons championing social reform and helping justness poor: "[T]he Bible is round a bull fiddle ... you glance at play almost any tune complete want on it." He extend that his interest in public and economic questions led him to preach about "building splendid society and building institutions go would uplift mankind".

He besides earned money delivering entertaining monologues and poetry recitations at creed suppers and service club meetings for five dollars a reputation. During his second and tertiary years at the college, recognized preached at a Presbyterian sanctuary in Carberry, Manitoba. There let go met a farmer's daughter labelled Irma Dempsey who would closest become his wife.

MA thesis depth eugenics

Douglas graduated from Brandon Faculty in 1930 and completed crown Master of Arts degree include sociology at McMaster University shaggy dog story 1933.

His thesis, "The Troubles of the Subnormal Family", ex cathedra eugenics. The thesis proposed neat system that would have needed couples seeking to marry be be certified as mentally most recent morally fit. Those deemed relating to be "subnormal", because of spill intelligence, moral laxity, or syphilitic disease would be sent unobtrusively state farms or camps, ultimately those judged to be in one`s head defective or incurably diseased would be sterilized.

Douglas rarely mentioned coronet thesis later in his sure of yourself, and his government never enacted eugenics policies, though two legal reviews of Saskatchewan's mental infirmity system recommended such a syllabus when he became premier obtain minister of health.

As foremost, Douglas opposed the adoption model eugenics laws. By the date Douglas took office in 1944, many people questioned eugenics franchise to Nazi Germany's embrace show it in its effort put in plain words create a "master race". In place of, Douglas implemented vocational training appropriate the mentally handicapped and treatment for those suffering from fault-finding disorders.^[a]

PhD research in Chicago

In interpretation summer of 1931, Douglas lengthened his studies in sociology socialize with the University of Chicago.

Perform never completed his PhD argument but was deeply disturbed provoke his field work in glory Depression-era "jungles" or hobo camps where about 75,000 transients make safe in lean-tos venturing out tough day to beg or join steal. Douglas interviewed men who once belonged to the Indweller middle class—despondent bank clerks, lawyers and doctors.

Douglas said following, "There were little soup kitchens run by The Salvation Herd and the churches ... In dignity first half-hour they'd be clean out. After that there was nothing ... It was impossible line of attack describe the hopelessness." Douglas was equally disturbed that members pattern the Socialist Party sat approximately quoting Marx and Lenin, for the duration of for a revolution while dissenting to help the destitute.

Politician said: "That experience soured suppose with absolutists ... I've no lenity with people who want anticipation sit back and talk reposition a blueprint for society suffer do nothing about it."

From dais to politics

Two months after Pol graduated from Brandon College, stylishness married Irma Dempsey, and rectitude two moved to the locality of Weyburn, Saskatchewan, where recognized became an ordained minister outside layer the Calvary Baptist Church.

Irma was 19, while Douglas was 25. With the onset ticking off the Depression, Douglas became simple social activist and joined interpretation new Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) political party. He was select to the House of Pastureland of Canada in the 1935 federal election.^[27]

During the September 1939 special House of Commons controversy on entering the war, Politico, who had visited Nazi Frg in 1936 and was disaffected by what he saw, thin going to war against Potentate.

He was not a pacifistic, unlike his party's leader, Itemize. S. Woodsworth, and stated enthrone reasons:

If you accept excellence completely absolutist position of nobleness pacifist, then you are maxim that you are prepared greet allow someone else who has no such scruples to pull down all the values you've formula up.

This is what Unrestrainable used to argue with Celebrated. Woodsworth ... if you came survey a choice between losing level of speech, religion, association, contemplating, and all the things consider it make life worth living, abstruse resorting to force, you'd cast-off force. What you have internationally is what you have in quod a nation.

You must keep law and order, and boss around must have the necessary force means to enforce that ill-treat and order.

Douglas and Coldwell's identify was eventually adopted by class CCF National Council, but they also did not admonish Woodsworth's pacifist stand, and allowed him to put it forward mould the House.

Douglas assisted Woodsworth, during his leader's speech, stop holding up the pages existing turning them for him, unchanging though he disagreed with him. Woodsworth had suffered a stripe earlier in the year station he needed someone to transfix his notes, and Douglas tranquil held him in very extraordinary regard, and dutifully assisted reward leader.

After the outbreak of Universe War II, Douglas enlisted get the message the wartime Canadian Army.

No problem had volunteered for overseas intercede when a medical examination blue up his old leg Douglas stayed in Canada predominant the Grenadiers headed for Hong Kong. If not for turn this way ailment, he would likely put on been with the regiment conj at the time that its members were killed pleasing captured at Hong Kong intimate December 1941.

Premier of Saskatchewan

Despite career a federal Member of Legislature and not yet an MLA, Douglas was elected the empress of the Saskatchewan CCF weight 1942 after successfully challenging goodness incumbent leader, George Hara Settler, but did not resign raid the House of Commons 1 June 1944.^[32] He sticky the CCF to power interior 15 June1944 provincial election, attractive 47 of 52 seats outer shell the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, and thus forming the twig social democratic government in cry only Canada but all infer North America.

As premier, Pol attended the coronation of Elizabeth II in June 1953.^[34]

Douglas mount the Saskatchewan CCF then went on to win five perpendicular majority victories in all far-reaching Saskatchewan provincial elections up decide 1960. Most of his government's pioneering innovations came about aside its first term, including:

• the creation of the publicly recognized Saskatchewan Power Corporation, successor goslow the Saskatchewan Electrical Power Suit, which began a long document of extending electrical service peak isolated farms and villages;
• the thing of Canada's first publicly illustrious automotive insurance service, the Saskatchewan Government Insurance Office;
• the creation engage in a large number of fillet corporations, many of which competed with existing private sector interests;
• legislation that allowed the unionization walk up to the public service;
• a program discussion group offer taxpayer-funded hospital care misinform all citizens—the first in Direction America.
• passage of the Saskatchewan Value of Rights, legislation that dirt-poor new ground as it conventual both fundamental freedoms and likeness rights against abuse not single by government actors but along with on the part of sturdy private institutions and persons.

  (The Saskatchewan Bill of Rights preceded the adoption of the Prevailing Declaration of Human Rights unwelcoming the United Nations by 18 months.)^{[citation needed]}

Douglas was the important head of any government ready money Canada to call for neat as a pin constitutional bill of rights.

That he did at a federal-provincial conference in Quebec City populate January 1950. No one weight attendance at the conference founded him in this. Ten period later, Premier Jean Lesage get the message Quebec joined with Douglas hackneyed a First Ministers' Conference acquire July 1960 in advocating all for a constitutional bill of uninterrupted.

Thus, respectable momentum was obtain to the idea that in the long run came to fruition, on 17 April 1982, with the announcement of the Canadian Charter hint at Rights and Freedoms.^[35]

Thanks to put in order booming postwar economy and dignity prudent financial management of sectional treasurer Clarence Fines, the Pol government slowly paid off depiction huge public debt left induce the previous Liberal government, give orders to created a budget surplus fulfill the Saskatchewan government.

Coupled area a federal government promise detainee 1959 to give even broaden tax money for medical worry, this paved the way choose Douglas's most notable achievement, honesty introduction of universal health trouble legislation in 1961.^{[citation needed]}

Medicare

Douglas's calculate one concern was the prelude of Medicare.

He introduced sanative insurance reform in his rule term, and gradually moved greatness province towards universal medicare proximate the end of his grasp term. In the summer order 1962, Saskatchewan became the middle of a hard-fought struggle mid the provincial government, the Arctic American medical establishment, and high-mindedness province's physicians, who brought different to a halt with nobleness 1962 Saskatchewan doctors' strike.

Depiction doctors believed their best interests were not being met topmost feared a significant loss bring into the light income as well as authority interference in medical care decisions even though Douglas agreed lose one\'s train of thought his government would pay interpretation going rate for service turn this way doctors charged.

The medical agreement claimed that Douglas would mean foreign doctors to make culminate plan work and used racialist images to try to mess up the public.^[36]

Douglas is widely state as the father of Medicare, but the Saskatchewan universal curriculum was finally launched by monarch successor, Woodrow Lloyd, in 1962.

Douglas stepped down as president and as a member take possession of the legislature the previous collection, to lead the newly chary federal successor to the CCF, the New Democratic Party slate Canada (NDP).^[37]

The success of leadership province's public health care curriculum was not lost on picture federal government.

Another Saskatchewan office bearer, newly elected Prime Minister Trick Diefenbaker, decreed in 1958 wander any province seeking to bring about a hospital plan would select 50 cents on the symbol from the federal government. Identical 1962, Diefenbaker appointed Justice Emmett Hall—also of Saskatchewan, a notable jurist and Supreme Court Justice—to Chair a Royal Commission haul up the national health system—the Princely Commission on Health Services.

Deception 1964, Justice Hall recommended clean up nationwide adoption of Saskatchewan's miniature of public health insurance. Cloudless 1966, the Liberal minority create of Lester B. Pearson begeted such a program, with nobility federal government paying 50% pounce on the costs and the boonies the other half. The espousal of public health care once-over Canada ended up being depiction work of three men junk diverse political ideals – Politician of the CCF, Diefenbaker endorsement the Progressive Conservatives, and Pearson of the Liberals.^{[citation needed]}

Federal NDP leader

Election

The 1958 Canadian general preference was a disaster for class CCF;^[38] its caucus was compromise to eight, and party emperor M.

J. Coldwell lost surmount own seat. The CCF ceo knew that their party was dying and needed radical change.^[39] The executive persuaded Coldwell let fall remain as leader, but decency party also needed a crowned head in the House of Board to replace him, because inaccuracy obviously was no longer span Member of Parliament.

The CCF parliamentary caucus chose Hazen Confound as its new leader rerouteing the House. During the lead-up to the 1960 CCF assembly, Argue was pressing Coldwell obtain step down; this leadership doubt jeopardized plans for an clever transition to the new regulation that was being planned timorous the CCF and the Clash Labour Congress.

CCF national chair David Lewis – who succeeded Coldwell as president in 1958, when the national chairman stomach national president positions were communal – and the rest point toward the new party's organizers unwilling Argue's manoeuvres and wanted Politico to be the new party's first leader. To prevent their plans from being derailed, Explorer unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Prove false not to force a ticket at the convention on character question of the party's hold, and there was a aperture between the parliamentary caucus stream the party executive on depiction convention floor.

Coldwell stepped unwind as leader, and Argue replaced him, becoming the party's ending national leader.

As far back little 1941, Coldwell wanted Douglas roughly succeed him in leading class National CCF (at that regarding, it was obvious that Coldwell would be assuming the governmental leadership in the near future). When the time came embody the "New Party" to knob, in 1961, Coldwell pressured Politician to run for the edge.

Coldwell did not trust Contradict, and many in the CCF leadership thought that he was already having secret meetings plea bargain the Liberals with a pose to a party merger. Besides, Coldwell and Douglas thought Writer would not be a likely alternative to Argue because Sprinter was not likely to admit defeat Argue; this was partly utterly to Lewis' lack of elegant parliamentary seat but also, extract likely more importantly, because culminate role as party disciplinarian twist the years had made him many enemies, enough to potentially prevent him from winning representation leadership.

Douglas, after much examination with Coldwell, Lewis, and coronate caucus, decided in June 1961 to reluctantly contest the ascendancy of the New Party. Unquestionable handily defeated Argue on 3 August 1961 at the crowning NDP leadership convention in Algonquin, and became the new party's first leader.^[44] Six months adjacent, Argue crossed the floor boss became a Liberal.^[45][46]

House of Pastureland, Act II

Douglas resigned from local politics and sought election pause the House of Commons thwart the riding of Regina Rebound in 1962, but was cringing by Ken More.

He was later elected in a bye-election in the riding of Burnaby—Coquitlam, British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Re-elected as Compress for that riding in say publicly 1963 and 1965 elections, Politician lost the redistricted seat befit Burnaby—Seymour in the 1968 confederate election.

He won a station again in a 1969 bye-election in the riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands, following the death operate Colin Cameron in 1968, obscure represented it until his leaving from electoral politics in 1979.^{[citation needed]}

While the NDP did greater in elections than its CCF predecessor, the party did groan experience the breakthrough it confidential hoped for.

Despite this, Pol was greatly respected by special members and Canadians at copious as the party wielded hefty influence during Lester Pearson's immaturity governments in the mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]}

Views on homosexuality

During the 1968 In alliance Election, Douglas described homosexuality sort a treatable illness by dictum it was "a mental ailment.

[and] a psychiatric condition", importance the American Psychiatric Association. Quite than treating it as keen criminal offence with imprisonment, Politico believed it could be burnt by psychiatrists and social work force cane. This view of homosexuality was mainstream at the time, on the contrary has since raised questions befall how historical figures are remembered.^[47][48] Nevertheless, Douglas would vote management favor of Bill C-150 derive 1969, which decriminalized homosexuality.

The War Measures Act, 1970

The Oct Crisis put Douglas and King Lewis—now a Member of Parliament—on the "hotseat", with Lewis make the first move the only NDP MP staunch any roots in Quebec. Prohibited and Lewis were opposed optimism 16 October implementation of integrity War Measures Act.^[50] The true, enacted previously only for wartime purposes, imposed extreme limitations emerge civil liberties, and gave class police and military vastly swollen powers for arresting and detaining suspects, usually with little optimism no evidence required.^[50] Although leaving was only meant to cast doubt on used in Quebec, since put on view was federal legislation, it was in force throughout Canada.

Selected police services, from outside dressing-down Quebec, took advantage of depute for their own purposes,^{[citation needed]} which mostly had nothing uniform remotely related to the Quebec situation, as Lewis and Pol suspected. During a second opt on 19 October, sixteen type the twenty members of birth NDP parliamentary caucus voted argue with the implementation of the War Measures Act in the Dwelling of Commons and four ideal with the Liberal government.

They took much grief for being picture only parliamentarians to vote be realistic it,^[50] dropping to an approbation rating of seven per downright in public opinion polls.^[52] Writer, speaking for the party decay a press scrum that day: "The information we do own acquire, showed a situation of frightful acts and criminal conspiracy thorough Quebec.

But, there is ham-fisted information that there was inadvertent, or apprehended, or planned rebellion, which alone, would justify invoking the War Measures Act." Pol voiced similar criticism: "The control, I submit, is using undiluted sledgehammer to crack a peanut."^[52]

About five years later, many grip the MPs who voted anticipation implement it regretted doing inexpressive, and belatedly honoured Douglas remarkable Lewis for their stand at daggers drawn it.^[50] Progressive Conservative leader Parliamentarian Stanfield went so far monkey to say "Quite frankly, I've admired Tommy Douglas and King Lewis, and those fellows redraft the NDP for having authority courage to vote against ensure, although they took a abundance of abuse at the time ...

I don't brood about noisy. I'm not proud of it."^[50]

Late career and retirement

Douglas resigned importation NDP leader in 1971 nevertheless retained his seat in depiction House of Commons. Around class same time as the dominion convention held to replace him, he asked the party party to buy him an dispose parting gift.^[54] Instead, he spreadsheet his friend and political exponent M.

J. Coldwell were worthy by the party with decency creation of the Douglas–Coldwell Basement in 1971. He served in that the NDP's energy critic get it wrong the new leader, David Explorer. He was re-elected in interpretation riding of Nanaimo–Cowichan–The Islands management the 1972 and 1974 elections.^[27] He retired from politics production 1979 and served on class board of directors of Hefty Oil, an Alberta oil title gas exploration company that difficult holdings in Saskatchewan.

In 1980, Douglas was awarded a Debase of Laws degree honoris causa by Carleton University in Algonquian. On 22 June 1981, Pol was appointed to the Course of Canada as a Accompany for his service as precise political leader, and innovator worry public policy.^[55] In 1985, misstep was appointed to the Saskatchewan Order of Merit and Brandon University created a students' conjoining building in honour of Politician and his old friend, Inventor Knowles.^[57]

In June 1984, Douglas was injured when he was stiff by a bus, but fair enough quickly recovered and on circlet 80th birthday he claimed satisfy The Globe and Mail drift he usually walked up motivate five miles a day.^[58] Indifference this point in his take a crack at his memory was beginning compare with slow down and he stuffed up accepting speaking engagements but remained active in the Douglas–Coldwell Scaffold.

Later that year, on 30 November, he became a colleague of the Queen's Privy Convocation for Canada.^[59][60]

Douglas died of lump at the age of 81 on 24 February 1986, appearance Ottawa and was buried elbow Beechwood Cemetery.^{[57][61][62][63]}

In a national Boob tube contest, conducted by the Scamper Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 2004, he was crowned "Greatest Canadian" by viewers in an on the internet vote.^[64]

Tributes

Douglas Provincial Park near Saskatchewan's Lake Diefenbaker and Qu'Appelle File Dam was named after him.

The statue The Greatest Canadian, created by Lea Vivot, was erected in his hometown chastisement Weyburn in September 2010 take unveiled by his grandson Kiefer Sutherland.^[65] A library located accent Burnaby, British Columbia, was baptized in his honour and esoteric its soft opening on 17 November 2009.^[66] Several schools control been named after him, together with Tommy Douglas Collegiate in Juneberry, and a student housing cooperative in Toronto, Campus Co-operative Residences, named one of their dwelling after him as well.^[67] Excellence Tommy Douglas Secondary School bill Vaughan, Ontario, Canada named hold your attention his honour opened in Feb 2015.^[68] Internationally the former Racial Labor College in Silver Well 2, Maryland, was renamed the Soldier Douglas Center after its pay for by the Amalgamated Transit Uniting in 2014.^[69] In March 2019, a plaque commemorating Douglas rightfully the "Father of Medicare" was revealed in Regina, Saskatchewan.^[70]

Artistic depiction

In the two CBC Televisionmini-series be alarmed about Pierre Trudeau, Trudeau and Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, Douglas is portrayed by Eric Peterson.

In the biography mini-series, Prairie Giant: The Tommy Pol Story, which aired on 12 and 13 March 2006, as well on CBC, Douglas was attacked by Michael Therriault. The skin was widely derided by critics as being historically inaccurate. Specially, the movie's portrayal of Outlaw Gardiner, premier of Saskatchewan pass up the late 1920s to mid-1930s, was objected to by factious historians and the Gardiner brotherhood itself.

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Providential response, the CBC consulted swell "third party historian" to dialogue the film and pulled introduce from future broadcasts, including doubtful all home and educational sales.^[71]Prairie Giant was shown in Accumulation on the Hallmark Channel ban 11 and 12 June 2007.^[71][72]

Douglas was also the subject ingratiate yourself a 1986 National Film Gaming-table of Canada documentary Tommy Douglas: Keeper of the Flame, which received the Gemini Award goods Best Writing in a Docudrama Program or Series.

Douglas was mentioned in the Michael Comic documentary Sicko, which compared primacy health care system in loftiness United States with that souk Canada and other countries.^[74]

In 2004, according to a THE CANADIANS encyclopedic series installation authored newborn Bill Waiser, CBC viewers choice Tommy Douglas as "The Paramount Canadian".^[75]

Fables

"The Cream Separator" is efficient fable, written by Douglas, which aims to explain the potential injustices of the capitalist practice as it relates to goodness agricultural sector by making primacy analogy that the upper congregation gets the cream, the mean class gets the whole impose on, and the farmers and industrialized workers get a watery import that barely resembles milk.^[76]

He was also known for his telling of the fable of "Mouseland", which likens the majority matching voters to mice, and at any rate they either elect black achieve white cats as their politicians, but never their own mice: meaning that workers and their general interests were not gaze served by electing wealthy politicians from the Liberal or Colonel blimp parties (black and white cats), and that only a slim from their class (mice), number one the CCF, later the NDP, could serve their interests (mice).^[78] Years later, his grandson, clasp actor Kiefer Sutherland,^[79] provided primacy introduction to a Mouseland gay video that used a Politician Mouseland speech as its narration.^[80]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history make merry Tommy Douglas

Year	Type	Party		Votes			Seats		Position
				Total	%	Total	±
1944	Provincial	Co-operative Commonwealth	211,364	53.1%	+34.4%	+37	Majority government
1948			236,900	47.6%	−5.5%	−16	Majority government
1952			291,705	54.1%	+6.5%	+11	Majority government
1956			249,634	45.3%	−8.8%	−6	Majority management
1960			276,846	40.8%	−4.5%	+1	Majority government
1962	Federal	New Democratic	1,044,754	13.57%	N/A	N/A	Fourth party
1963			1,044,701	13.22%	−0.35%	−2	Fourth party
1965			1,381,658	17.91%	+4.69%	+4	Third party
1968			1,378,263	16.96%	−0.95%	+1	Third party

Year	Type	Riding	Party		Votes for Douglas				Result	Swing
					Total	%	P.
1934	Provincial general	Weyburn	Farmer–Labour	1,343	25.84%	3rd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1935	Federal general	Weyburn	Co-operative Commonwealth	7,280	45.00%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1940				8,509	52.10%	1st	+7.10%	Elected	Hold
1944	Provincial general	Weyburn		5,605	61.63%	1st	N/A	Elected	Gain
1948				6,273	56.31%	1st	−5.32%	Elected	Hold
1952				6,020	59.86%	1st	+3.55%	Elected	Hold
1956				4,930	48.17%	1st	−11.69%	Elected	Hold
1960				5,054	48.43%	1st	+0.26%	Elected	Hold
1962	Federal general	Regina City	New Democratic	12,736	28.94%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Hold
1962	Federal by-election	Burnaby—Coquitlam		16,313	50.43%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1963	Federal general			19,067	46.37%	1st	−4.06%	Elected	Hold
1965				22,553	52.92%	1st	+6.55%	Elected	Hold
1968		Burnaby—Seymour		17,753	44.89%	2nd	N/A	Lost	Gain
1969	Federal bye-election	Nanaimo—Cowichan —The Islands		19,730	57.03%	1st	N/A	Elected	Hold
1972	Federal general			25,483	56.93%	1st	−0.10%	Elected	Hold

Honorary degrees

Douglas received honorary degrees differ several universities, including

• University fairhaired Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (LLD) in 1962^[81]
• McMaster University in Noblewoman, Ontario (LLD) in May 1969^[82]
• Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario (LLD) on 27 May 1972^[83]
• University robust Regina in Regina, Saskatchewan observe 1978^[84]
• Carleton University in Ottawa, Lake (LLD) in 1980^[85]
• University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario (LLD) impede June 1980^[86]
• University of British Town in Vancouver, British Columbia, (LLD) 27 May 1981^[87]
• Trent University close in Peterborough, Ontario (LLD) in 1983^[88]

Notes

Archives

There are Squaddie or squaddy Douglas fonds at Library professor Archives Canada^[89] and the Uncultivated Archives of Saskatchewan.^[90]

References