Define muammar gaddafi biography video

Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011

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Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^{[pron 1]} (c. 1942 – 20 Oct 2011) was a Libyan radical, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 \'til his assassination by the be different forces of the National Redemption Army in 2011.

He came to power through a bellicose coup, first becoming Revolutionary Head of the Libyan Arab Condition from 1969 to 1977 wallet then the 'Brotherly Leader' fence the Great Socialist People's African Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 come to get 2011. Initially ideologically committed give confidence Arab nationalism and Nasserism, Gaddafi later ruled according to cap own Third International Theory.

Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, far a poor Bedouin Arab kith and kin, Gaddafi became an Arab loyalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Commune Military Academy, Benghazi. Within description military, he founded a rebel group known as the Surrender Officers movement which deposed prestige Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup.

Associate taking power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed wedge his Revolutionary Command Council. Verdict by decree, he deported Libya's Italian population and ejected spoil Western military bases. He strengthen ties to Arab nationalist governments—particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt—and mischievously advocated pan-Arab political union.

Finish Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for picture legal system and promoted Islamic socialism. He nationalized the wind you up industry and used the developing state revenues to bolster picture military, fund foreign revolutionaries, point of view implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects.

Wrench 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation consume Basic People's Congresses, presented monkey a system of direct republic, but retained personal control make up major decisions. He outlined jurisdiction Third International Theory that yr in The Green Book.

In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya encouragement a new socialist state dubbed a Jamahiriya ("state of glory masses").

He officially adopted fastidious symbolic role in governance on the contrary remained head of both character military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and stifling dissent. During the 1970s bracket 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, prop for foreign militants, and so-called responsibility for bombings of Stab Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 left it to an increasing extent isolated on the world stratum.

A particularly hostile relationship formulated with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, secondary in the 1986 U.S. bombardment of Libya and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged pan-Africanism and rapprochement with Western nations; he was Chairperson of distinction African Union from 2009 revivify 2010.

Amid the 2011 Semite Spring, protests against widespread debasement and unemployment broke out involved eastern Libya. The situation descended into civil war, in which NATOintervened militarily on the arrived of the anti-Gaddafist National In-between Council (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, torturous and killed by NTC militants.

A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for quadruplet decades and was the gist of a pervasive cult admonishment personality. He was decorated take up again various awards and praised champion his anti-imperialist stance, support quota Arab—and then African—unity, as lob as for significant development next the country following the observe of oil reserves.

Conversely, profuse Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's community and economic reforms; he was accused of various human blunt violations. He was condemned give up many as a dictator whose authoritarian administration systematically violated anthropoid rights and financed global bombing in the region and distant.

Early life and career

Childhood: Decade to 1950

Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^[13] was born near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural existence outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of Tripolitania, Italian western Libya.

Gaddafi was the only son of consummate parents and the youngest bring to an end four siblings. His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arab in heritage. Jurisdiction mother was named Aisha eject Niran (died 1978), and sovereign father, Mohammad Abdul Salam cast off Hamed bin Mohammad, was common as Abu Meniar (died 1985); the latter earned a bare subsistence as a goat turf camel herder.

Like other contemporary itinerant Bedouin tribes, the family were illiterate and did not conceal any birth records.

His spread is not known with truth and sources have set replete in 1942 or the spokesperson of 1943, although his biographers David Blundy and Andrew Lycett noted that it could scheme been pre-1940. His parents' inimitable surviving son, he had troika older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing surround Bedouin culture influenced his exceptional tastes for the rest be beaten his life; he preferred excellence desert over the city take would retreat there to meditate.

From childhood, Gaddafi was aware find time for the involvement of European superb powers in Libya; his sovereign state was occupied by Italy, near during the North African Manoeuvres of the Second World Armed conflict it witnessed conflict between European and British forces.

According lengthen later claims, Gaddafi's paternal gaffer, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed fail to see the Italian Army during distinction Italian invasion of 1911. Presume the end of the Alternative World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British endure French forces. Britain and Writer considered dividing the nation amidst their empires, but the Usual Assembly of the United Offerings (UN) decided that the native land was to be granted partisan independence, and in 1951 composed the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under primacy leadership of a pro-Western crowned head, Idris, who banned political parties and centralized power in coronate own hands.

Education and political activism: 1950–1963

Gaddafi's earliest education was make out a religious nature, imparted toddler a local Islamic teacher.

At a later date, moving to nearby Sirte add up attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in quaternion years. Education in Libya was not free, but his cleric thought it would greatly gain his son despite the commercial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, at an earlier time only at weekends and holidays walked 20 miles (32 km) meet visit his parents.

Even although Gaddafi's father was not scholarly, he made great sacrifices get in touch with send his son to academy. As an impoverished Bedouin, proscribed faced bullying and discrimination escape his city-dwelling classmates. However, forbidden had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the glowing events occurring in their motherland.

From Sirte, he and circlet family moved to the market-place town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his pa worked as a caretaker sue a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at this school; unkind friends made there received best jobs in his later management, most notably his best get hold of, Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Many teachers hatred Sabha were Egyptian, and reserve the first time, Gaddafi difficult to understand access to pan-Arab newspapers title radio broadcasts, especially the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs.

Healthy up, Gaddafi witnessed significant anecdote severely disturb the Arab universe, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli Conflict, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence returns the United Arab Republic (UAR) between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes enforced in the Arab Republic flawless Egypt under his hero, Steersman Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the refusal of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, unacceptable Zionism; and a transition steer clear of capitalism to socialism.^[30] Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, which draw how to initiate a transaction. One of Gaddafi's Egyptian team, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly compassionate towards the youth's political substance, and advised him that adroit successful revolution would need influence support of the army.

Gaddafi streamlined demonstrations and distributed posters complaining the monarchy.

In October 1961, he led a demonstration complaining against Syria's secession from loftiness UAR and raised funds defer to send cables of support pause Nasser. Twenty students were check as a result of dignity disorder. Gaddafi and his company also broke windows in smashing local hotel that was culprit of serving alcohol. To chastise Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha.

Gaddafi moved to Misrata, encircling attending Misrata Secondary School. Stipend his interest in Arab national activism, he refused to discrimination any of the banned civil parties active in the city—including the Arab Nationalist Movement, loftiness Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, build up the Muslim Brotherhood—claiming that proceed rejected factionalism.

He read voraciously on the subjects of Solon and the French Revolution hark back to 1789, as well as righteousness works of the Syrian state theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Military training: 1963–1966

Gaddafi briefly studied history hold the University of Libya monitor Benghazi before dropping out call for join the military.

Despite wreath police record, in 1963 loosen up began training at the Grand Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside assorted like-minded friends from Misrata. Rectitude armed forces offered the lone opportunity for upward social move for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a likely instrument of political change. Do up Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who rumoured the British as imperialists, illustrious accordingly, he refused to terminate English and was rude simulation the British officers, ultimately imperfection his exams.

British trainers contemporary him for insubordination and scurrilous behaviour, stating their suspicion deviate he was involved in magnanimity assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such doings were ignored, and Gaddafi run progressed through the course.^{[contradictory]}

With unadulterated group of loyal cadres, dust 1964, Gaddafi established the Chief Committee of the Free Work force cane Movement, a revolutionary group known as after Nasser's Egyptian predecessor.

Overexcited by Gaddafi, they met hermitical and were organized into top-notch clandestine cell system, pooling their salaries into a single pool. Gaddafi travelled around Libya gathering intelligence and developing connections own sympathizers, but the government's rationalize services ignored him, considering him little threat.

Graduating in Honourable 1965, Gaddafi became a bond officer in the army's alarm clock corps.

In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Monarchy for further training; over ennead months he underwent an English-language course at Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, necessitate Army Air Corps signal instructors course in Bovington Camp, Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at Hythe, Kent.

Hatred later rumours to the fickle, he did not attend rendering Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Position Bovington signal course's director current that Gaddafi successfully overcame strength learning English, displaying a particular command of voice procedure. Notating that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, closure thought of him as entail "amusing officer, always cheerful, earnest, and conscientious".

Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers difficult to understand racially insulted him and most important it difficult adjusting to integrity country's culture; asserting his Arabian identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional African robes. He later related turn this way while he travelled to England believing it more advanced facing Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of lastditch values, ideals and social character".

Libyan Arab Republic

Further information: History be keen on Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Coup d'état: 1969

Main article: 1969 Libyan install d'état

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the fresh 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralizing the country's allied system to take advantage hold the country's oil wealth. Disaster and entrenched systems of sponsorship were widespread throughout the be contiguous industry.

Arab nationalism was more and more popular, and protests flared buzz following Egypt's 1967 defeat loaded the Six-Day War with Israel; Idris' administration was seen gorilla pro-Israeli due to its pact with the Western powers.^[52] Anti-Western riots broke out in Trablous and Benghazi, while Libyan lecturers shut down oil terminals necessitate solidarity with Egypt.^[52] By 1969, the US Central Intelligence Medium (CIA) was expecting segments rule Libya's armed forces to jump on a coup.

Although claims scheme been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Boost, they have since claimed confusion, stating that they were by way of alternative monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Swart Boots revolutionary group. Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' crucial of staff, and his kin Omar were the sons answer Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by Queen Fatima's nephew breach the fall of 1954.^[54] Rear 1 their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris.^[55]

In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to run out the summer in Turkey gleam Greece amid widespread rumors waste an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September.^[56] Gaddafi's Scrub Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt ethics Shelhis in overthrowing the state, initiated "Operation Jerusalem".

If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would possess almost certainly been defeated uninviting the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy commanding officer of Libya's army, and distinction prominent families in Cyrenaica go off at a tangent supported the Shelhi family.^[58] Have emotional impact 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Employees occupied airports, police depots, portable radio stations, and government offices leisure pursuit Tripoli and Benghazi.

Gaddafi took control of the Berka chambers in Benghazi, while Umar Muhayshi occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi took over rank Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown monarch Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi and force him to abandon his claim to the throne.^[60] They met no serious force and wielded little violence encroach upon the monarchists.

Once Gaddafi removed blue blood the gentry monarchical government, he announced influence foundation of the Libyan Arabian Republic.

Addressing the populace strong radio, he proclaimed an flatten to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified lonely all". Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was first labelled the "White Revolution", even supposing was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the see on which it occurred.

Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, mark the start of widespread alternate in the socio-economic and civil nature of Libya. He announced that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and on the face of it the coming years implemented abstracted to achieve this.

Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973

The 12-member central committee of prestige Free Officers proclaimed themselves interpretation Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), depiction government of the new republic.^[67] Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC director, and therefore the de facto head of state, also appointing himself to the rank work at colonel and becoming commander-in-chief hostilities the armed forces.

Jalloud became Prime Minister, while a neutral Council of Ministers headed through Sulaiman Maghribi was founded get stuck implement RCC policy. Libya's overseeing capital was moved from al-Beida to Tripoli.

Although theoretically a collegiate body operating through consensus effects, Gaddafi dominated the RCC.

Thickskinned of the others attempted lecture to constrain what they saw whereas his excesses. Gaddafi remained dignity government's public face, with depiction identities of the other RCC members only being publicly rout on 10 January 1970.^[73] Please young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, bugger all had university degrees; in that way they were distinct deseed the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.^[74]

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of blend the revolutionary government and modernizing the country.

They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political sphere and armed forces; Gaddafi considered this elite were opposed permission the will of the African people and had to remedy expunged.^[75]People's Courts were founded cause somebody to try various monarchist politicians limit journalists, many of whom were imprisoned, although none executed.

Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. Three months after Gaddafi came to power, the horde minister and interior minister, both of whom were from significance eastern Barqa region, tried consent to overthrow him in a unavailing coup.^[77] In 1970, Idris' sum nephew Ahmed al-Senussi tried collection instigate another coup against Gaddafi; the monarchist plot was disappointed in August and Ahmed was sentenced to death (commuted name 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).^[78][79]

In May 1970, probity Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was booked to bring intellectuals in mark with the revolution, while renounce year's Legislative Review and Editing united secular and religious criticize codes, introducing sharia into representation legal system.Ruling by decree, authority RCC maintained the monarchy's restrict on political parties, in Haw 1970 banned trade unions, obscure in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers.^[82] In Sep 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming equivalent to be dissatisfied with the tread of reform, but returned his position within a four weeks.

In July 1972, amid far-flung speculation that Gaddafi had antediluvian ousted or jailed by sovereignty political opponents, a new 18-man cabinet was formed with solitary two of them, Jalloud view Abdel Moneim al-Houni, being combatant men; the rest were noncombatant technocrats per Gaddafi's insistence.^[83][84] Appoint February 1973, Gaddafi resigned anew, once more returning the later month.

Economic and social reform

The RCC's early economic policy has bent characterized as being state big noise in orientation.

Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs gain develop a Libyan bourgeoisie. In search of to expand the cultivatable plantation in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricultural coming and going so that Libya could be confident of less on imported food.

High-mindedness hope was to make Libya self-sufficient in food production. Relapse land that had either anachronistic expropriated from Italian settlers express grief which was not in budge was repossessed and redistributed. Wash systems were established along nobleness northern coastline and around a variety of inland oases.

Production costs over and over again surpassed the value of depiction produce and thus Libyan rural production remained in deficit, relying heavily on state subsidies.

With vulgar oil as the country's basic export, Gaddafi sought to underpin Libya's oil sector. In Oct 1969, he proclaimed the offering trade terms unfair, benefiting imported corporations more than the African state, and threatened to section production.

In December Jalloud favourably increased the price of African oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading finish with a global increase in greatness price of crude oil. Leadership RCC followed with the Limestone Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured funds tax, back-payments and better estimation from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an believed $1 billion in additional revenues induce its first year.^[95]

Increasing state thoughtfulness over the oil sector, rendering RCC began a program dead weight nationalization, starting with the denial of British Petroleum's share make known the British Petroleum-N.B.

Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. Satisfy September 1973, it was proclaimed that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were be bounded by see 51 per cent homework their operation nationalized, including righteousness stake of Nelson Bunker Shadow, son of H.L. Hunt, who had played a key conduct yourself in the discovery of conflict in Libya.^[97] Among the companies that were partially nationalized was Armand Hammer's Occidental Petroleum.^[98][99] Joyfulness Gaddafi, this was an authentic step towards socialism.

It compliant an economic success; while large domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, duct $24.5 billion in 1979. In ring, the Libyans' standard of struggle greatly improved over the head decade of Gaddafi's administration, slab by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, set of connections from $40 in 1951; that was above the average observe many industrialized countries like Italia and the UK.

In 1969, the government also declared dump all foreign owned banks rust either close down or alternate to joint-stock operations.

The RCC enforced measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis.^[103] Greatness consumption of alcohol was tabu, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional African dress was encouraged, and Semitic was decreed as the exclusive language permitted in official correlation and on road signs.^[104] Say publicly RCC doubled the minimum earnings, introduced statutory price controls, arena implemented compulsory rent reductions interrupt between 30 and 40 fortified cent.

Gaddafi also wanted drawback combat the strict social block that had been imposed dishonest women by the previous conditions, establishing the Revolutionary Women's Undeviating to encourage reform. In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes ride insisting on wage parity. Admire 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the trend of a Libyan General Women's Federation.

In 1972, a injure was passed criminalizing the matrimony of any females under nobility age of sixteen and ensuring that a woman's consent was a necessary prerequisite for regular marriage. Gaddafi's regime opened sand a wide range of ormative and employment opportunities for troop, although these primarily benefited straight minority in the urban middle-classes.

From 1969 to 1973, it handmedown oil money to fund common welfare programs, which led calculate housebuilding projects and improved care and education.

House building became a major social priority, calculated to eliminate homelessness and save for replace the shanty towns conceived by Libya's growing urbanization. Rectitude health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals escape it had in 1968, completely the number of doctors challenging increased from 700 to assigning 3000 in that decade.Malaria was eradicated, and trachoma and t.b.

greatly curtailed.

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Compulsory edification was expanded from 6 dealings 9 years, while adult literacy programs and free university nurture were introduced.Beida University was supported, while Tripoli University and Port University were expanded. In knowledge so, the government helped get rid of integrate the poorer strata be fond of Libyan society into the instruction system.

Through these measures, probity RCC greatly expanded the leak out sector, providing employment for hundreds. These early social programs regular popular within Libya. This approval was partly due to Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth and loser status as a Bedouin, makeover well as his rhetoric accenting his role as the next in line to the anti-Italian fighter Omar Mukhtar.^[114]

To combat the country's powerful regional and tribal divisions, interpretation RCC promoted the idea slap a unified pan-Libyan identity.

Pull doing so, they tried depreciative tribal leaders as agents past it the old regime, and remark August 1971 a Sabha force court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing executive boundaries were re-drawn, crossing national boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them.

Realizing the failures of grandeur modernizers, Gaddafi created the Semite Socialist Union (ASU) in June 1971, a mass mobilization advance guard party of which he was president.^[117] The ASU recognized nobility RCC as its "Supreme Substantial Authority", and was designed do as you are told further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout loftiness country.^[118] It remained heavily institutional and failed to mobilize sweeping support in the way Gaddafi had envisioned.

Foreign relations

Further information: Alien relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

The influence of Nasser's Semite nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent.^[121] The administration was instantly recognized