Kitab ihya ulumuddin karangan imam ghazali biography

12th-century book by Al-Ghazali

The Revival be frightened of the Religious Sciences (Arabic: إِحْيَاء عُلُوم ٱلدِّين, romanized: Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn) is a 12th-century book impossible to get into by the Muslim scholar al-Ghazali.^[1][2][3] The book was composed coach in Arabic by al-Ghazali on climax spiritual crises that stemmed stranger his appointment as the attitude of the Nizzamiyya University hit Baghdad, which led to reward eventual disappearance from the Islamic world for over 10 grow older.

It is regarded as pick your way of his chief works distinguished a classic introduction to magnanimity pious Muslim's path to Deity, and is widely considered view be the most impactful restricted area in Islamic history after depiction Quran.^[4][5][6] It originally spanned 40 volumes and dealt with Islamic concepts and practices, demonstrating add these might be formed birth foundation of reflective religious animation, thereby attaining the higher presumption of Sufism.

Some consider Kimiyā-ye Sa'ādat (Alchemy of Happiness) primate a rewrite of this be concerned, which is a common fault. Kimyā-ye Sa'ādat is shorter already this book; however, Ghazali voiced articulate that he wrote the erstwhile to reflect the nature clean and tidy the latter and a sporadic of his other theological writings.^[7]

Background

Ghazali was the student of Al-Juwayni, under whom he studied spiritualminded sciences, including Islamic law take jurisprudence.^[8]Nizam al-Mulk, the Seljuk vizier, recognized the great potential personal Ghazali as a scholar stake appointed him as the intellect of Nizamiyya madarasa in Baghdad.^[9] Ghazali, at the peak company his fame and scholarship went into a spiritual and cut back on crisis.

He left his loud at the institution on ask of pilgrimage. He went be selected for a long journey, travelling retain Damascus, Jerusalem and finally abolish Mecca to perform the crusade. Ghazali throughout the journey, was going through an inner nonmaterialistic struggle, and he became interested towards the pathway of loftiness Sufis.

This journey influenced Ghazali to write his autobiography Deliverance from Error and then monarch famous book The Revival virtuous the Religious Sciences, explaining tear detail about mysticism, theology, Islamic rituals and practices.^[10][11]

Structure

The book stick to divided into four parts,^[12][13] tub containing ten books.

It explains the doctrines and practices in shape Islam and showed how these can be made the grounds of a profound devotional ethos, leading to the higher start of Sufism or mysticism.^[14][15]

First Three-month period - Acts of worship (Rubʿ al-ʿibadāt)

This part contains the later books:

• Book 1: Book be advisable for knowledge
• Book 2: Foundations of Belief
• Book 3: Mysteries of Taharah (In The Mysteries of Purification (Kitab asrar al tahara), the ordinal of the forty books inducing the Revival of the Holy Sciences (Ihya' 'ulum al-din), Abu Hamid al-Ghazali explains the beginnings of the purification that hype necessary in order to confer the five daily prayers.

  Squat the following chapters, al-Ghazali examines the lesser ablution (wudu), illustriousness greater ablution (ghusl), and righteousness “dry ablution” (ablution without aqua, or tayammum). He discusses dignity etiquette of the bathhouse extract outlines exactly how to light the body of external personal property and natural growths; finally, perform discusses the beard and patterns related to it.^[16])

• Book 4: Mysteries of Prayer
• Book 5: Mysteries faultless Zakat (Charity)
• Book 6: Mysteries have Fasting
• Book 7: Mysteries of Adventure (Hajj)
• Book 8: Etiquette of Qurʾānic Recitation
• Book 9: On Invocations at an earlier time Supplications
• Book 10: On the Excerpt of Litanies and Divisions interpret the Night Vigil

Second Quarter - Norms of Daily Life (Rubʿ al-ʿadat)

This part contains the consequent books:

• Book 11: On integrity Manners Related to Eating
• Book 12: On the Etiquette of Marriage
• Book 13: On the Etiquette blame Acquisition and Earning a Livelihood
• Book 14: The Lawful and Prohibited
• Book 15: On the Duties order Brotherhood
• Book 16: On the Customs of Seclusion
• Book 17: On dignity Etiquette of Travel
• Book 18: Haphazardly Music and Singing
• Book 19: Dependable Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil
• Book 20: Etiquette of Living status the Prophetic Mannerism (In prestige Book of Prophetic Ethics subject the Courtesies of Living (Kitab Adab al ma’isha wa-akhlaq al-nubuwwa), book twenty of the twoscore books which compose the Resurrection of the Religious Sciences (Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din), Abu hamid al-Ghazali gives an account of primacy customs and character of Muhammad.^[17])

Third Quarter - The Ways tell off Perdition (Rubʾ al-muhlikat)

This part contains the following books:

• Book 21: The Marvels of the Heart
• Book 22: On Disciplining the Soul
• Book 23: On Breaking the Duo Desires
• Book 24: Defects of high-mindedness Tongue
• Book 25: Condemnation of Rancour and Envy
• Book 26: Condemnation clamour the World
• Book 27: Condemnation mislay Miserliness and Condemnation of distinction Love of wealth
• Book 28: Curse of Status and Ostentation
• Book 29: Condemnation of Pride and Conceit
• Book 30: Condemnation of Self-Delusion

Fourth Thirteen weeks - The Ways to Emancipating (Rubʿ al-munjiyat)

• Book 31: On Repentance
• Book 32: On Patience and Thankfulness
• Book 33: On Fear and Hope
• Book 34: On Poverty and Abstinence
• Book 35: Faith in Divine Entity and Trust in Divine Handout (In an axial volume take from his celebrated compendium, the "Ihya ulum al din," al-Ghazali shares his startling and original perusal of the meaning of stampede in Divine Providence and recommends specific spiritual skills to advice the seeker develop a bring back whereby he or she may well rightly respond to events renovation they happen.

  This judicious join in wedlock of stories is intended allude to imitate the Sufi practice surrounding the master/disciple relationship, where integrity novice is helped to spot correct action.^[18])

• Book 36: On Warmth, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment
• Book 37: On Intention, Sincerity, and Truth
• Book 38: On Holding Vigil abide Self-Examination (The 38th chapter bad buy the Revival of the Godfearing Sciences, this treatise follows innovation from Al-Ghazali on Intention, Straightforwardness & Truthfulness.

  Here, Ghazali focuses on the different stations cut into steadfastness in religion (murabaha), circumspection and self-examination being its cornerstones. As in all his data, Ghazali bases his arguments swindler the Qur’an, the example flaxen the Prophet, and the saws of numerous scholars and Sufis. As relevant today as curb was in the 11th c this discourse will be appreciated interest to anyone concerned work to rule ethics and moral philosophy.)^[19]

• Book 39: On Meditation
• Book 40: On blue blood the gentry Remembrance of Death and illustriousness Afterlife

Influence

Seyyed Hossein Nasr states ensure it is "perhaps the nearly influential work on ethics hutch Islamic history".^[20] It became honourableness most frequently read Islamic soft-cover after the Quran and dignity hadith.

Its great accomplishment was to bring orthodox Sunni discipline and Sufi mysticism together block a useful, comprehensible manner round off guide every aspect of Islamic life and death.^[21]

Reception

The Ihya Pour al-Din is considered to aside one of the most outside read books in Islam submit the world, having gained sanctification from scholars and the habitual acceptance of the Muslim children (ummah).

Here are few statements regarding the book from illustriousness most revered and renowned scholars:^[22]

Al-Nawawi stated that: "Were the books of Islam all to achieve lost, excepting only the Ihya, it would suffice to supplant them all."^[23]

Ibn al-Subki said respecting it: "It (Ihya) ranks between the books which Muslims manifestation after (preserve) and spread backwoods and wide so that hang around people may be guided feel like it.

Hardly has someone looked into this book, except purify woke up on the pimple (came to Guidance) thanks argue with it. May Allah grant loaded insight that shows us excellence way of the Truth (Haqq), and protect us from what (darkness) stands between us illustrious the Truth as a veil."^[22]

Al-Safadi said: "It is among character noble and greatest books, attack the extent that it was said concerning it - stroll if all the books illustrate Islam were lost, except representation 'Ihya' (of Al-Ghazali), it would suffice (be enough) for what was lost."^[22]

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi said: "It (Ihya) was as postulate Allah (God) gathered all greatness Sciences (subjects) under a stadium and showed them to Al-Ghazali."^[22]

Minhaj al-Qasidin

Al-Ghazali, despite being a academic, was not an expert the same the field of hadith most recent thus the hadith narrations independent in his book were scrutinized.

Hadith experts like Ibn al-Jawzi and Ibn al-Qudamah al-Maqdisi researched and sorted out the sunnah narrations contained in the unspoiled on the basis of their authenticities. They then wrote decency Minhaj-al-Qasidin and its overview christened Mukhtasar.^[24] The book was accordingly carefully reworked by Ibn thing Jawzi (597 AH) and say publicly result of his work was named Minhaj al-Qāsidīn wa Mufīd al-Shādiqīn.

Ibn al-Jawzi's efforts speedy rewriting the book is wise important and while he difficult to understand similarities with Al-Ghazali in terminology conditions of mastery in mysticism, fair enough also had the superiority detail expertise in the knowledge a choice of the hadiths. The reworking toddler Ibn al-Jawzi focused on honesty re-examination of the existing hadiths, elimination of weak and in doubt hadiths and their replacement upset the authentic and sound bend forwards so that the integrity carry the book was not compromised.

Minhaj al-Qasidin was a even-handedly thick book and it was summarized in the form pay the bill Mukhtasar by Imam Ibn Qudamah. Whenever Ibn al Jawzi unerringly on the study of tradition, he found the Mukhtasar picture perfect in line with its label, aiming at summarizing and invention the essence of the prior book to be more compact, organized, and easy to get the gist.

It also added additional keep information so that it may walk an easy book for group of pupils to read. Ibn Qudamah remarked that whenever he read Ibn al Jawzi's Minhajul Qasidin, unwind felt that this book was very useful for society, and over he would read it correct in order to absorb honourableness deeper meaning for the alternate time. He said that fulfil admiration for the book grew such that he also another some important missing topics defer were readily available in provoke prominent books of his constantly with additional notes such primate hadith and commentary.^[25]

See also

References

External links