Mary church terrell biography timeline report

African-American educator and up (1863–1954)

Mary Church Terrell
Born	Mary Church September 23, 1863 Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	July 24, 1954(1954-07-24) (aged 90) Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.
Other names	Euphemia Kirk
Occupation(s)	Civil rights activist, journalist
Known for	One be incumbent on the first African-American women distribute earn a college degree Founding participant of National Association of Splashed Women Charter member of the Civil Association for the Advancement intelligent Colored People
Political party	Republican
Spouse
Children	5 (one adoptive, three died in infancy) plus Phyllis
Parent(s)	Robert Reed Church Louisa Ayres

Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil requisition activist, journalist, teacher and work on of the first African-American platoon to earn a college degree.^[1] She taught in the Serious Department at the M Avenue School (now known as Libber Laurence Dunbar High School)—the lid African American public high faculty in the nation—in Washington, DC.

In 1895, she was loftiness first African-American woman in dignity United States to be right to the school board make known a major city, serving timely the District of Columbia forthcoming 1906. Terrell was a permit member of the National Society for the Advancement of Black People (1909) and the Negro Women's League of Washington (1892).

She helped found the State-run Association of Colored Women (1896) and served as its greatest national president, and she was a founding member of authority National Association of College Troop (1923).

Life and education

Mary Cathedral was born in the yr of 1863 in Memphis, River, to Robert Reed Church don Louisa Ayres,^[2] both freed slaves of mixed racial ancestry.

Barren parents were prominent members endorsement the Black elite of Metropolis after the Civil War, as the Reconstruction Era. Her daddy, Robert Reed Church, was organized businessman who became one be alarmed about the first African American millionaires in the southern states wallet her mother, Louisa Ayers, was a hair stylist who celebrated her own hair salon.^[3][4] Concoct paternal great-grandmother was of mongrel descent and her paternal greybeard was Captain Charles B.

Religous entity, a Euro-American steamship owner weather operator from Virginia. After indispensable for wages as a administrator on his father's ship, Parliamentarian Church continued to accumulate way by investing in real big bucks, and purchased his first opulence in Memphis in 1866.^[5] Inaccuracy made his fortune by grasp property after the city was depopulated following the 1878 old fever epidemic.

He is alleged to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.^[6]

Church's surliness, Louisa Ayres, is believed acquiescent be one of the pull it off African American women to create and maintain a hair languish, frequented by well-to-do residents publicize Memphis. Ayres was a opus entrepreneur at a time like that which most women did not announce businesses.

She is credited strip off having encouraged her daughter handle attend Antioch College Model Institution in Yellow Springs, Ohio, honor elementary and secondary education, in that the Memphis schools were shout adequate.

Church attended Antioch School Model School from 1871 equal 1874, starting at the set a date for of eight.

In 1875, Mary’s parents moved her to Oberlin, Ohio to attend Oberlin become public school from eight grade gain the end of her buoy up school education in 1879.^[7] Terrell remained in Oberlin throughout in sync college career, opting to thorough the four-year “gentleman’s course” in lieu of of the expected two-year ladies’ course, earning her B.A.

person of little consequence 1884 and her M.A. false 1888.^[7]

Church's father was married tierce times. His first marriage, holiday at Margaret Pico Church, began detain 1857, ended in 1862, suggest produced one child, Laura. Parliamentarian then married Louisa Ayers instruct in 1862.^[7] Mary Church Terrell unthinkable her brother Thomas Ayres Faith (1867–1937) were both products announcement this marriage, which ended sight divorce.

Their half-siblings, Robert, Jr. (1885–1952) and Annette (1887–1975), were born to Robert Sr.'s gear wife, Anna Wright.^[7][8]

Church majored cut down Classics at Oberlin College,^{[9][failed verification]} the first college in illustriousness United States to accept Mortal American and female students.

She was one of the supreme African American women to high with a Bachelor’s degree, comparatively than a 2-year ladies’ proportion. The freshman class nominated in trade as class poet, and she was elected to two register the college's literary societies. She also served as an managing editor of The Oberlin Review. Terrell earned her bachelor's degree regulate 1884.

She earned her level in classics. She wrote wind some of her friends try to dissuade her from attractive this degree, which included honourableness study of Greek, on high-mindedness grounds that Greek was predicament their view hard and turn it would be hard come to get find an African-American man who had studied it.^[10] She piecemeal alongside African-American intellectuals Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Doorway.

Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists quantity the movement towards racial arena gender equality in the Merged States. Continuing her studies make fun of Oberlin, Terrell earned her master's degree in Education four time later, in 1888, becoming (along with Anna Julia Cooper) sole of the first two African-American women to earn an MA.^[11][12]

Career

Church began her career in tuition in 1885, teaching modern languages^[13] at Wilberforce University, a historically Black college founded collaboratively past as a consequence o the Methodist Church in River and the African Methodist Monastic Church in the state.

Aft 2 years of teaching slot in Ohio, Church moved to Educator, D.C. to accept a mien in the Latin Department deem the M Street School. She took a leave of lack from teaching in 1888 hitch travel and study in Assemblage for two years, where she became fluent in French, Germanic, and Italian.^[7][14] Eventually, Oberlin Institution offered her a registrarship estimate in 1891 which would formulate her the first African-American squadron to obtain such position; on the other hand, she declined.^[15] When she joined Robert "Berto" Heberton Terrell acquire 1891, she was forced proffer resign from her position take into account the M Street School place her husband also taught.^[16] Solution 1895 she was appointed overseeing of the M Street Tall School, becoming the first girl to hold this post.^[12]

Upon backward to the United States, Cathedral shifted her attention from schooling to social activism, focusing particularly on the empowerment of African-American women.

She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and smear writing was published in a sprinkling journals. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," published radiate 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published uncalled-for where she attempts to take the skewed narrative of ground Black men are targeted desire lynching and she presents several facts to support her claims.^[17]

Terrell's autobiography, A Colored Woman stem a White World (1940), economics her personal experiences with racism.^[18]

Activism

Black women's clubs and the Strong Association of Colored Women

In 1892, Terrell, along with Helen Appo Cook, Ida B.

Wells-Barnett, Anna Julie Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Patterson and Evelyn Shaw, formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Dignity goals of the service-oriented staff were to promote unity, societal companionable progress, and the best interests of the African American humans. Cook was elected president.^[19] Glory Colored Women's League aided instructions elevating the lives of scholarly African-American women.

It also in progress a training program and votaries, before these were included wear the Washington, DC public schools. Combined with her achievements similarly a principal, the success holdup the League's educational initiatives put on to Terrell's appointment to character District of Columbia Board pressure Education which she held dismiss 1895 to 1906.

She was the first African-American woman in the neighborhood of hold such a position.

Around the same time, another caste of progressive African-American women were gathering in Boston, Massachusetts go down the direction of suffragist endure intellectual Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin under the name Federation work for Afro-American Women.

As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts rule hundreds of other organizations support reach a wider focus method African-American women workers, students shaft activists nearing the beginning robust the 20th century. Out translate this union formed the Stable Association of Colored Women, which became the first secular official organization dedicated to the livelihoods of African-American women.

The NACW's motto is "Lifting as surprise climb"^[20] and they aimed rise and fall create solidarity among Black detachment while combating racial discrimination.^[21] Mid other initiatives, members created dowry nurseries and kindergartens for Inky children.^[22] Terrell was twice president, serving from 1896 unexpected 1901.

After declining a bag re-election, she was named 1 president of the Association.^[23][7]

In 1910, Terrell founded the College Alumnae Club, which later became grandeur National Association of University Cohort (NAUW). The League started ingenious training program and kindergarten formerly being included in the Pedagogue, DC public school system.^[7]

Fighting rent Black women's suffrage

Having been invent avid suffragist during her seniority as an Oberlin student, Terrell continued to be active slender the happenings within suffragist enwrap in the National American Lassie Suffrage Association.

Through these meetings she became associated with Susan B. Anthony, an association which Terrell describes in her history as "delightful, helpful friendship,"^[24] which lasted until Anthony's death comport yourself 1906. Terrell also came be in opposition to know Elizabeth Cady Stanton crush 1893 around the same hold your fire she met Susan B.

Anthony.^[25] What grew out of Terrell's association with NAWSA was exceptional desire to create a mend organizing group among African-American platoon to tackle issues of noose know the ropes be, the disenfranchisement of the exercise, and the development of illuminating reform. As one of decency few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about justness injustices and issues within character African-American community.

On February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an preside over titled "The Progress of Splashed Women" at the National Indweller Woman Suffrage Association biennial conference in Washington, D.C.^[26] This language was a call of charisma for NAWSA to fight on line for the lives of Black women.^[27] It was also during that session that Terrell addressed probity "double burden" African American unit were facing.

Terrell believed digress, when compared to Euro-American corps, African American women had let fall overcome not only their copulation, but race as well.^[28] High-mindedness speech received great reception alien the Association and African-American word outlets, ultimately leading Terrell halt be invited back as authentic unofficial African-American ambassador for rendering Association.

Though many African-American squad were concerned and involved satisfy the fight for American women's right to vote, the NAWSA did not allow African-American division to create their own piling within the organization. Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union Contemporary is Strength", which discussed primacy need for unity among African-American people, and "What it Secret to be Colored in character Capital of the U.S.", propitious which she discussed her relegate personal struggles that she deliberate as an African American lady in Washington, D.C.^[29] Terrell further addressed the Seneca Falls Real Society in 1908 and perpetual the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for describe races and genders alongside their primary causes.^[30]

In A Colored Gal In A White World, Terrell recalls how she was influential to navigate her college life-span at the predominantly White-attended Oberlin with a sense of fleshy due to her racial bewilderment.

She never passed as Creamy at Oberlin, which was supported by abolitionists and accepted both Euro-American and African-American students unexcitable before the Civil War. Gratify fact, her gender made tiara stand out more in quash predominantly male classes. In important years, it can be acclaimed that she understood her move as a Euro-American-passing African-American gal as necessary to creating higher quality links between African-Americans and Euro-American Americans, thus leading her go become an active voice confine NAWSA.

In 1913, Alice Libber organized a NAWSA suffrage gathering where she initially planned stick to exclude Black suffragists and posterior relegated them to the go downhill of the parade in structure to curry favor with Rebel Euro-American women. However, Terrell courier Ida B. Wells fought respecting integrate the march.

Terrell marched with the delegation from fresh York City, while the Delta Sigma Theta sorority women last part Howard University, whom Terrell mentored, marched with the other institute women.^[7][27]

Active in the Republican Special, she was appointed director fairhaired Work among African-American Women chief the East by the Democratic National Committee for Warren Misty.

Harding's 1920 presidential campaign mid the first election in which American women won the renovate to vote.^[1][7] The Southern states from 1890 to 1908 passed voter registration and election libretto that disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote. These deterrents were not fully overturned on hold after Congressional passage of probity Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Integration

Historians have generally emphasized Terrell's role as a community director and civil rights and women's rights activist during the Ongoing Era. She learned about women's rights while at Oberlin, hoop she became familiar with Susan B. Anthony's activism.

She too had a prolific career importance a journalist (she identified reorganization a writer).

In the Decade and 1890s she sometimes drippy the pen name Euphemia Kirk to publish in both loftiness black and White press inciting the African American Women's Bat Movement.^[31] She wrote for on the rocks variety of newspapers "published either by or in the disturbed of colored people,"^[32] such reorganization the A.M.E.

Church Review mean Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Southern Workman of Hampton, Virginia; the Indianapolis Freeman; the Afro-American of Baltimore; the Washington Tribune; the Chicago Defender; the New York Age; the Voice of the Negro; the Women's World; the North American Review and the Norfolk Journal and Guide.^[31] She besides contributed to the Washington Twilight Star and the Washington Post.^[31]

Terrell aligned the African-American Women's Mace Movement with the broader exert oneself of black women and begrimed people for equality.

In 1892, she was elected as magnanimity first woman president of illustriousness prominent Washington DC black dialogue organization Bethel Literary and Consecutive Society

Through family connections and general networking, Terrell met many meaningful African-American activists of her daylight, including Booker T. Washington, inspector of the influential Tuskegee League in Alabama.

At the creature of 17, when she was enrolled at Oberlin, her holy man introduced her to activist Town Douglass at President James Garfield's inaugural gala.^[7][33] She became mainly close with Douglass and awkward with him on several domestic rights campaigns. One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, reaction 1893, in hopes of uncomplicated hearing of statement regarding disorderly cases where black individuals entertain certain states were not recipience acknowledgme due process of law.^[34] Pretty soon after her marriage to Parliamentarian Terrell, she considered retiring outsider activism to focus on kinsfolk life.

Douglass, making the sway that her talent was else immense to go unused, decided her to stay in typical life.

In 1904, Terrell was invited to speak at representation International Congress of Women, restricted in Berlin, Germany. She was the only black woman fight the conference. She received harangue enthusiastic ovation when she worthy the host nation by execution her address in German.

She delivered the speech in Gallic, and concluded with the Land version.

In 1909, Terrell was one of two African-American detachment (journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett was the other) invited to gesticulation the "Call" and to haunt the first organizational meeting personage the National Association for primacy Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming a founding member.

Huddle together 1913–14, she helped organize rendering Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She helped write its oath standing became an honorary member.

In World War I, Terrell was involved with the War Campingsite Community Service, which supported jollity for servicemen. Later it assisted in issues related to interpretation demobilization of black servicemen.

Terrell was a delegate to justness International Peace Conference after significance end of the war. At the same time as in England, she stayed congregate H. G. Wells and climax wife at their invitation.

Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed inflame enactment of the Nineteenth Revision to the United States Structure.

Though Terrell died in 1954, her legacy and early take for granted for black women to elect continues to be cited. Style the war was winding crush, Terrell and her daughter Phyllis joined Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, of the National Women's Party, to picket the Ashen House for women's suffrage.

Terrell was instrumental in integrating nobleness American Association of University Troop.

From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a participant of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin alumna. However, she let her link lapse due to growing reveal in other civic commitments. Descendant the time she sought reparation in 1946, the chapter esoteric become all-White and refused spurn application.

Terrell appealed the event to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but illustriousness D.C. chapter changed its publication to make membership contingent round off approval from its board be more or less directors. After the chapter refused to amend its bylaws, loftiness AAUW's national office filed first-class lawsuit in federal district retinue on Terrell's behalf, but missing the case.

This led tenor the overwhelming passage at prestige organization's 1949 convention of propose anti-discrimination requirement. Incidentally, a matter of the Washington, D.C. chapter's White members subsequently resigned deception protest and formed their turmoil organization, the University Women's Staff of Washington.^[35] In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained troop membership, becoming the first inky member after the exclusion admire people of color within honesty DC chapter.^[3][36]

In 1950, Terrell afoot what would be a wealthy fight to integrate eating seats in the District of University.

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In rendering 1890s the District of University had formalized segregation, as outspoken states in the South. Beforehand then, local integration laws dating to the 1870s had necessary all eating-place proprietors "to befriend any respectable, well-behaved person negligent of color, or face ingenious $1,000 fine and forfeiture infer their license." In 1949, Terrell and colleagues Clark F.

Uncontained, Essie Thompson, and Arthur Autocrat. Elmer entered the segregated Archaeologist Restaurant. When refused service, they promptly filed a lawsuit. Counsel Ringgold Hart, representing Thompson, argued on April 1, 1950, lose concentration the District laws were illicit, and later won the file against restaurant segregation. In goodness three years pending a ballot in District of Columbia proper.

John R. Thompson Co., Terrell targeted other restaurants. Her edge included boycotts, picketing, and sit-ins. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that unconnected eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional.^[1][37] Terrell was dexterous leader and spokesperson for grandeur Coordinating Committee for the Fulfilment of the District of Town Anti-Discrimmination Laws which gave quip the platform to lead that case successfully.^[38]

After the age virtuous 80, Terrell continued to contribute in picket lines, protesting rendering segregation of restaurants and theaters.

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During her senior days, she also succeeded in inducement the local chapter of decency American Association of University Brigade to admit black members.

She lived to see the Highest Court's decision in Brown with no holds barred. Board of Education, holding unauthorized the racial segregation of become public schools. Terrell died two months later at the age ingratiate yourself 90, on July 24, 1954, in Anne Arundel General Haven in Highland Beach, Maryland.^[1] Wait up was the week before nobleness NACW was to hold warmth annual meeting in Annapolis, Colony near her home in High Beech.

Legacy and honors

• 1933 – At Oberlin College's centennial feast, Terrell was recognized among rectitude college's "Top 100 Outstanding Alumni".^[39]
• 1948 – Oberlin awarded Terrell rank honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.^[40]
• 1954 – First Lady Mamie General paid tribute to Terrell's reminiscence in a letter read traverse the NACW convention on Revered 1, writing: "For more overrun 60 years, her great capabilities were dedicated to the rectification advance of humanity, and she leftist a truly inspiring record."^[41]
• 1975 – The Mary Church Terrell villa in the LeDroit Park locality of Washington was named practised National Historic Landmark.
• Mary Church Terrell Elementary School at 3301 Wheelwright Road, SE in Washington, DC was named in her favor, closed in 2013.^[42]
• 2002 – Expert Molefi Kete Asante included Normal Church Terrell on his listing of 100 Greatest African Americans.^[43]
• 2009 – Terrell was among 12 pioneers of civil rights go bankrupt in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series.^[44]
• A grammar in Gert Town, New Metropolis was named Mary Church Terrell Elementary School.

  It was harshly damaged in Hurricane Katrina, over in 2008, and demolished set a date for 2012.^[45][46][47]

• 2018 – Oberlin College dubbed its main library the Madonna Church Terrell Main Library.^[48]
• 2020 – Terrell was inducted into goodness National Women's Hall of Fame.^[49]

Marriage and children

On October 18, 1891, in Memphis, Church married Parliamentarian Heberton Terrell, a lawyer who became the first black state-owned court judge in Washington, DC.

The couple first met discern Washington, DC, when Robert visited the home of Dr. Privy Francis, where Mary was aliment. Soon after meeting, Francis offered Mary the opportunity to instruct in at the M Street Pump up session School, in the Greek leading Latin Department, which Robert was the head of.

Prior touch on being engaged in a sworn relationship, both Mary and Parliamentarian showed interest in pursuing remains as romantic partners.

Documentation outlander Mary's diary and letters drift she wrote in both Country and German in order serve practice her language proficiency incorporate proof of correspondence with concerning men besides Robert. In Robert's courting letters to Mary, unquestionable mentions other women as lob, though it is undetermined necessarily he mentioned them to do Mary jealous or for nook reasons.

However, once Mary reciprocal from her travel in Accumulation, she returned to her prepare at the M Street Elevated School where she rekindled world-weariness romance with Robert. While she had been away, Robert became a lawyer, though it even-handed speculated that he regretted leave-taking his teacher job but blooper wanted to have an money in which he could furnish to propose to Mary tolerate support their life together.

As a couple, Mary and Parliamentarian ran in many academic circles; Robert was a leader entertain the Washington D.C NAACP Strut, and a part of dignity Music, Social, and Literary Club.^[50][51]

Terrell experienced a late-term miscarriage, still-birth, and had one baby who died just after birth at one time their daughter Phyllis Terrell was born in 1898.

She was named after Phillis Wheatley. Grandeur Terrells later adopted her niece, Mary.^[7]

Mary's miscarriage had lasting goods on her marriage to Robert; she suffered long-term health obligations which sent her into exceptional deep depression. Prior to show someone the door miscarriage, she had learned loom her friend Thomas' lynching, service not long after learning addict his death and losing concoct child, she began to apply physically and mentally.

Eventually, Terrell began to focus on anti-lynching activism and spoke publicly be concerned about black women's health, utilizing quota past trauma and experiences truth inform her message.^[52]

Works

• "Duty of rendering National Association of Colored Cohort to the Race", A.

  Grouping. E. Church Review (January 1900), 340–354.

• "Club Work of Colored Women", Southern Workman, August 8, 1901, 435–438.
• "Society Among the Colored The public of Washington", Voice of illustriousness Negro (April 1904), 150–156.
• Terrell, Figure Church (1904). "Lynching from well-ordered Negro's Point of View".

  The North American Review. 178 (571): 853–868. JSTOR 25150991.

• "The Washington Conservatory familiar Music for Colored People", Voice of the Negro (November 1904), 525–530.
• "Purity and the Negro", Light (June 1905), 19–25.
• "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Voice of the Negro (April 1906), 271–277.
• "Susan B.

  Anthony, primacy Abolitionist", Voice of the Negro (June 1906), 411–416.

• "A Plea pay money for the White South by simple Colored Woman", Nineteenth Century (July 1906), 70–84.
• "What It Means persecute Be Colored in the Ready money of the United States", Independent, October 10, 1906, 181–186.
• "An Question with W.

  T. Stead break the Race Problem", Voice be frightened of the Negro (July 1907), 327–330

• "Peonage in the United States: Decency Convict Lease System and interpretation Chain Gangs", Nineteenth Century 62 (August 1907), 306–322.
• "Phyllis Wheatley – An African Genius". Star suffer defeat the West.

  19 (7): 221–223. October 1928. Retrieved December 24, 2013. (see Phyllis Wheatley.)

• A Negroid Woman in a White World (1940), autobiography.
• "I Remember Frederick Douglass", Ebony (1953), 73–80.

See also

Further reading

• Church, Batch. T.(1940). A Colored Woman effort a White World.

  Washington, DC: Ransdell, Inc. Publishers.

• Cooper, Brittney Byword. (2017). Beyond Respectability: The Highbrow Thought of Race Women. Town, IL: University of Illinois Press.
• Davis, E. L. (1996). Lifting little They Climb. New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
• Johnson, K. Tidy. (2000). Uplifting the Women prep added to the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Social Activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs, New York: Garland Publishing.
• Jones, Beverly W.

  (April 1982). "Mary Church Terrell and the Practice Association of Colored Women, 1896 to 1901". The Journal disturb Negro History. 67 (1): 20–33. doi:10.2307/2717758. JSTOR 2717758. S2CID 163444125.

• Jones, B. Unguarded. (1990). Quest for Equality: Character Life and Writings of Conventional Eliza Church Terrell. Brooklyn, Newborn York: Carlson Publishing, Inc.
• Margaret Writer, Patient Persistence: The Political alight Educational Values of Anna Julia Cooper and Mary Church Terrell.

  University of California at Riverside.

• Parker, Alison M. (2020). Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Faith Terrell. UNC Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-5938-1.
• Parker, Alison M. (2020). "Mary Church Terrell: Black Suffragist and Civil Request Activist." National Park Service.Mary Religous entity Terrell: Black Suffragist and Laic Rights Activist (U.S.

  National Locum Service)

• Sterling, Dorothy. (1988). Black Foremothers: Three Lives. New York: Honourableness Feminist Press, 119–148.
• Terborg-Penn, R. (1998). African American Women in integrity Struggle for the Vote. Town, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
• Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981). "Black Women Journalists shamble the South, 1880-1905: An Come close to the Study of Swarthy Women's History".

  Callaloo (11/13): 138–152. doi:10.2307/3043847. JSTOR 3043847.

• Washington Post. "Restaurant's To one side to Bar Negroes Upheld."
• Washington Post. "Assails Mrs. Terrell". June 19, 1904.
• "Mary Church Terrell", American Memory, Library of Congress
• "Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)", Digital Library, Tennessee Induct University
• "Mary Eliza Church Terrell", Afro-American History

External links