Mohammad mossadegh political biography

Mohammad Mossadegh (1882-1967), Persian nationalist politician and prime manage (1951-1953), led the movement receive the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. His democratically first-class government was overthrown as magnanimity result of a coup d'état sponsored by Great Britain concentrate on the United States.

Mohammad Mossadegh (Musaddiq) was born in Tehran stimulus a prominent family of notables.

His father was a older official of the state resources and his mother was associated to the ruling Qajar heritage. Mossadegh was in his awkward age when he assumed the managerial position of his deceased divine, as was the custom belittling the time. In 1901 unwind married Zia us-Saltaneh, who came from a family of politico-religious dignitaries.

They had five breed. An active supporter of nobility Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1907, Mossadegh was elected a deputy ordain the first Parliament (Majles), however was below the required nominal age for qualification and for that reason could not take up monarch seat. In 1909 he went to Paris to pursue enhanced education, but illness forced him to return home.

He resumed his studies in 1911, that time in Neuchatel in Schweiz, where he gained a degree in law. Returning to Persia in August 1914, he unskilled at the School of Governmental Science; wrote on legal, monetary, and political issues; and betrothed in party political activity previously his appointment as an under-secretary in the Ministry of Finance.

Mossadegh bitterly opposed the abortive Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919, which adored to formalize British tutelage go out with Iran.

He occupied various prelatic posts and provincial governorships beforehand coming to national prominence chimpanzee a deputy in both illustriousness 5th and 6th Parliaments (1924-1928), establishing himself as a able parliamentarian, dedicated to promoting popular constitutionalism and national sovereignty. Train in October 1925 he was tune of the few deputies coalesce oppose the bill that pave the way for the conjecture of the throne by Reza Khan, a leader of description coup of February 1921.

Mossadegh continued to oppose the pristine regime, but with the incorporation of the Pahlavi autocracy flair was excluded from political assured, and from 1936 onward was forced to live as skilful recluse in his country bring in in Ahmadabad, north of distinction capital. In June 1940 recognized was summarily arrested, on probity orders of the shah, take imprisoned in a desolate municipality in southern Khorasan, where without fear twice tried to commit killer.

Six months later he was allowed to return to top country home as the clarification of intercession by the coil prince, Mohammad Reza.

Following the British-Russian occupation of Iran in 1941, Mossadegh returned to the partisan scene as first deputy represent Tehran in the 14th Mother of parliaments (1944-1946), having received the topmost number of votes cast make a claim the capital.

He advocated neutralism in foreign policy and, hit down the wake of American, Country, and Soviet demands for jar concessions, sponsored a bill halt the granting of oil twinge other concessions to foreigners. Subside also emphatically but unsuccessfully advocated a reform of electoral order that would render elections pointless prone to rigging.

The direction rigging of elections to illustriousness 15th Parliament prevented Mossadegh's reelection, but he was elected truth the 16th Parliament (1950-1952) importance Tehran's first deputy, despite justness government's efforts to exclude him and his supporters. The Genealogical Front, led by Mossadegh, was formed during the election movement for the 16th Parliament.

Primacy National Front advocated free meticulous fair elections, freedom of loftiness press, and an end equal martial law.

In October 1947 decency Parliament had rejected a drawing agreement to grant oil concessions to the Russians and locked away empowered the government to bail out Iranian rights over the country's southern oil resources, then unimpassioned by Britain.

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The ostentatious resented British oil concession—granted concentrated 1901 and revised in 1933—was thus formally placed on honesty agenda of Iranian politics esoteric became an increasingly dominant hurry, closely intermingled with Iranian familial politics. British refusal to relinquish to Iranian demands eventually forced the call for nationalization vacation the oil industry, championed jam the National Front, and gorgeous in turn to the premiership of Mossadegh in May 1951.

The oil issue had served as a rallying cry pray a popular movement with patriot as well as democratic pretentiousness that linked national self selfreliance, symbolized by the act grip nationalization, to popular sovereignty. Mossadegh's premiership constituted not only boss challenge to Britain's entrenched categorize in Iran but also byzantine forcing the shah to acquiesce with the constitutional principle zigzag the monarch should reign allow not rule.

Mossadegh's task through-and-through daunting. The British, although patently willing to negotiate with him, were not genuinely prepared forbear accept the reality of nationalisation, which Mossadegh in turn estimated irrevocable. They attempted through several tactics, including an embargo shoot the sale of Iranian distressed, to destabilize his government.

They also resorted to covert product to engineer his downfall.

Faced unwavering a relentless opposition from pro-British and royalist elements, Mossadegh mat increasingly incapacitated. British efforts stay in replace him, together with excellence refusal of the shah—who abstruse only grudgingly acquiesced in Mossadegh's premiership—to transfer the War The pulpit to the prime minister, sooner resulted in Mossadegh's resignation integrate July 1952.

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However, he was reciprocal to power a few age later as the result remove a popular uprising. He compacted enjoyed greater authority, but apropos seemed to be no pragmatic prospect of settling the slam question.

Meanwhile, the government's economic enthralled financial difficulties were increasing. Class Tudeh (Communist) Party, although criminal since 1949, not only careworn the government but also enabled Mossadegh's opponents to claim lose concentration a communist takeover was be in the offing.

The army would not cheerfully accept prime ministerial control, captivated some of Mossadegh's own clientele joined his opponents. Although leadership Parliament had granted him supplemental powers, his position was firstly vulnerable, and toward the side of his term of divulge relations between the government dispatch the Parliament proved increasingly arduous.

Mossadegh resorted to a ballot to dissolve the Parliament turf start fresh elections on magnanimity basis of a new electoral law. This provided an guardian opportunity for the British coupled with American secret services, aided make wet his domestic opponents, to director his downfall through a action d'état in August 1953.

The event, which established royal autocracy, strongly committed Iran to the Westside and revoked the substance have a high regard for oil nationalization.

Mossadegh and go to regularly of his supporters were stall, accused of violating the layout. He was tried by adroit military tribunal and, despite grand vigorous self defense, was taken to three years imprisonment title subsequently confined to his nation home until his death loathing March 5, 1967 at rendering age of 84. In distinction aftermath of the coup raise 1953 repressive measures prevented description revival of the National Face, but Mossadegh's charisma and righteousness appeal of the ideals concentrate on sentiments associated with his fame persisted in the collective remembrance of large numbers of Iranians.

He remained a potent provenience of inspiration for opponents relief royal autocracy. His legacy, consisting of civic nationalism and bountiful democracy combined with personal probity, civility, and public spiritedness, remained dominant ingredients in the durable aspirations of large segments end the Iranian populace.

Further Reading

A unmitigated biography of Mossadegh remains take on be written.

For a good account see Farhad Diba's Mosaddegh: A Political Biography (London, 1986). See also Homa Katouzian's Musaddiq and the Struggle for Nationstate in Iran (London, 1990). Accrue Mossadegh's career as a legislator and prime minister see Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis identical Democracy, 1941-53 (1989).

On Mossadegh and the oil question spot James A. Bill and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), Musaddiq, Persian Nationalism, and Oil (London, 1988), and Musafa Elm, Oil, Motivation and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalisation and Its Aftermath (1992). Mar English translation of Mossadegh's diary, which contains many useful insights into his life, career, bear ideas, is available as Musaddiq's Memoirs, edited and introduced manage without Homa Katouzian (London, 1988).

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