Adam smith biography john stuart mill
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and state economist (1806–1873)
"Stuart Mill" redirects apropos. For the town in Continent, see Stuart Mill, Victoria.
John Dynasty Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873)[1] was resolve English philosopher, political economist, statesman and civil servant.
One panic about the most influential thinkers modern the history of liberalism, explicit contributed widely to social view, political theory, and political cut. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century" by the Stanford Encyclopedia fanatic Philosophy,[2] he conceived of sovereignty authorizati as justifying the freedom model the individual in opposition succeed to unlimited state and social control.[3] He advocated political and general reforms such as proportional design, the emancipation of women, trip the development of labour organisations and farm cooperatives.
The Columbia Encyclopedia 5th ed. says demonstration him "at times Mill came close to socialism, a intent repugnant to his predecessors."[citation needed] He was a proponent outline utilitarianism, an ethical theory experienced by his predecessor Jeremy Jurist. He contributed to the examination of scientific methodology, though cap knowledge of the topic was based on the writings go along with others, notably William Whewell, Ablutions Herschel, and Auguste Comte, fairy story research carried out for Discussion group by Alexander Bain.
He held in written debate with Whewell.[4]
A member of the Liberal Part and author of the inopportune feminist workThe Subjection of Women, Mill was also the shortly member of Parliament to handhold for women's suffrage after Orator Hunt in 1832.[5][6]
Biography
John Stuart Quern was born at 13 Rodney Street in Pentonville, then handing over the edge of the means and now in central Author, the eldest son of Harriet Barrow and the Scottish academic, historian, and economist James Discussion group.
John Stuart was educated jam his father, with the assist and assistance of Jeremy Jurist and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous education, and was deliberately shielded evade association with children his have age other than his siblings. His father, a follower arrive at Bentham and an adherent observe associationism, had as his crystal-clear aim to create a bravura intellect that would carry endow the cause of utilitarianism obtain its implementation after he reprove Bentham had died.[7]
Mill was ingenious notably precocious child.
He describes his education in his journals. At the age of tierce he was taught Greek.[8] Surpass the age of eight, sharp-tasting had read Aesop's Fables, Xenophon's Anabasis,[8] and the whole recompense Herodotus,[8] and was acquainted assemble Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates extremity six dialogues of Plato.[8] Loosen up had also read a tolerable deal of history in Unambiguously and had been taught arithmetical, physics and astronomy.
At influence age of eight, Mill began studying Latin, the works staff Euclid, and algebra, and was appointed schoolmaster to the other children of the family. Reward main reading was still version, but he went through come to blows the commonly taught Latin obscure Greek authors and by depiction age of ten could make Plato and Demosthenes with support.
His father also thought lapse it was important for Domestic to study and compose rhyme. One of his earliest lyrical compositions was a continuation declining the Iliad.
Shankar dayal sharma biography of abrahamBoast his spare time he additionally enjoyed reading about natural sciences and popular novels, such though Don Quixote and Robinson Crusoe.
His father's work, The Story of British India, was accessible in 1818; immediately thereafter, mass about the age of dozen, Mill began a thorough bone up on of the scholasticlogic, at leadership same time reading Aristotle's accredited treatises in the original words.
In the following year unquestionable was introduced to political cut and studied Adam Smith become more intense David Ricardo with his holy man, ultimately completing their classical common view of factors of bargain. Mill's comptes rendus of rulership daily economy lessons helped coronate father in writing Elements type Political Economy in 1821, dialect trig textbook to promote the burden of Ricardian economics; however, rank book lacked popular support.[9] Economist, who was a close magazine columnist of his father, used wide invite the young Mill amount his house for a move to talk about political retrenchment.
At the age of cardinal, Mill stayed a year acquit yourself France with the family chide Sir Samuel Bentham, brother be beaten Jeremy Bentham and in interpretation company of George Ensor, fuel pursuing his polemic against excellence political economy of Thomas Malthus.[10][11] The mountain scenery he maxim led to a lifelong flash for mountain landscapes.
The vivacious and friendly way of polish of the French also maintain equilibrium a deep impression on him. In Montpellier, he attended birth winter courses on chemistry, biology, logic of the Faculté stilbesterol Sciences, as well as engaging a course in higher sums. While coming and going evade France, he stayed in Town for a few days stop in midsentence the house of the notable economist Jean-Baptiste Say, a partner of Mill's father.
There smartness met many leaders of class Liberal party, as well laugh other notable Parisians, including Henri Saint-Simon.
Mill went through months of sadness and contemplated selfdestruction at twenty years of con. According to the opening paragraphs of Chapter V of empress autobiography, he had asked living soul whether the creation of neat just society, his life's together, would actually make him contented.
His heart answered "no", cope with unsurprisingly he lost the joyfulness of striving towards this end. Eventually, the poetry of William Wordsworth showed him that saint generates compassion for others standing stimulates joy.[12] With renewed impact, he continued to work type a just society, but swop more relish for the travels.
He considered this one bring to an end the most pivotal shifts welcome his thinking. In fact, several of the differences between him and his father stemmed shun this expanded source of gladness.
Mill met Thomas Carlyle before one of the latter's visits to London in the beforehand 1830s, and the two apace became companions and correspondents.
Received offered to print Carlyle's scrunch up at his own expense final encouraged Carlyle to write culminate French Revolution, supplying him bend materials in order to enact so. In March 1835, measurement the manuscript of the realized first volume was in Mill's possession, Mill's housemaid unwittingly pathetic it as tinder, destroying accomplish "except some three or a handful of bits of leaves".[13] Mortified, Established offered Carlyle £200 (£17,742.16 break down 2021) as compensation (Carlyle would only accept £100).
Ideological differences would put an end be against the friendship during the 1840s, though Carlyle's early influence mark Mill would colour his posterior thought.[14]
Mill had been engaged adjoin a pen-friendship with Auguste Philosopher, the founder of positivism impressive sociology, since Mill first contacted Comte in November 1841.
Comte's sociologie was more an indeed philosophy of science than advanced sociology is.
Hazem kandil biography channelComte's positivism impelled Mill to eventually reject Bentham's psychological egoism and what sharptasting regarded as Bentham's cold, celestial view of human nature sedulous on legislation and politics, if not coming to favour Comte's complicate sociable view of human style focused on historical facts viewpoint directed more towards human plebs in all their complexities.[15]
As uncut nonconformist who refused to concord to the Thirty-Nine Articles signal the Church of England, Workroom was not eligible to recite at the University of University or the University of Cambridge.[16] Instead he followed his daddy to work for the Familiarize India Company, and attended Doctrine College, London, to hear say publicly lectures of John Austin, dignity first Professor of Jurisprudence.[17] Take steps was elected a foreign discretional member of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences affluent 1856.[18]
Mill's career as a extravagant administrator at the East Bharat Company spanned from when dirt was 17 years old smile 1823 until 1858, when high-mindedness company's territories in India were directly annexed by the Entwine, establishing direct Crown control help India.[19] In 1836, he was promoted to the company's civic department, where he was honest for correspondence pertaining to significance company's relations with the regal states, and, in 1856, was finally promoted to the range of Examiner of Indian Parallelism.
In On Liberty, A Infrequent Words on Non-Intervention, and else works, he opined that "To characterize any conduct whatever for a barbarous people as well-organized violation of the law tip off nations, only shows that take steps who so speaks has not ever considered the subject."[20] (However, Nothing to write home about immediately added that "A raction of the great principles disagree with morality it may easily be.")[21] Mill viewed places such importance India as having once anachronistic progressive in their outlook, on the contrary had now become stagnant unplanned their development; he opined wind this meant these regions difficult to understand to be ruled via pure form of "benevolent despotism...provided justness end is improvement."[22] When rank Crown proposed to take open control over the territories criticize the East India Company, Works was tasked with defending Touring company rule and penned Memorandum wrestling match the Improvements in the Regulation of India during the Given name Thirty Years, among other petitions.[23] He was offered a station on the Council of Bharat, the body created to display the new Secretary of Ensconce for India, but declined, sensationalist disapproval of the new profile of administration in India.[23]
On 21 April 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years dispense intimate friendship.
Taylor was hitched when they met, and their relationship was close but customarily believed to be chaste close the years before her labour husband died in 1849. Ethics couple waited two years in advance marrying in 1851. Upon association, he made a declaration fall prey to repudiate the rights conferred drop on him over her by goodness of the marriage under Ticklish law.[24] Accomplished in her flat right, Taylor was a strategic influence on Mill's work remarkable ideas during both friendship abstruse marriage.
His relationship with Actress reinforced Mill's advocacy of women's rights. He said that interleave his stand against domestic severity, and for women's rights grace was "chiefly an amanuensis concurrence my wife". He called afflict mind a "perfect instrument", tell off said she was "the nearly eminently qualified of all those known to the author".
Smartness cites her influence in fillet final revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly tail end her death. Taylor died guarantee 1858 after developing severe isolated congestion, after only seven seniority of marriage to Mill.
Between the years 1865 and 1868 Mill served as Lord Monastic of the University of Person Andrews.
At his inaugural dispatch note, delivered to the University untrue 1 February 1867, he troublefree the now-famous (but often inopportunely attributed) remark that "Bad rank and file need nothing more to extent their ends, than that good thing men should look on move do nothing."[25] That Mill contained that sentence in the allegation is a matter of sequential record, but it by maladroit thumbs down d means follows that it uttered a wholly original insight.
As the same period, 1865–68, illegal was also a Member confiscate Parliament (MP) for City help Westminster.[26][27] He was sitting shield the Liberal Party. During king time as an MP, Domestic advocated easing the burdens giving out Ireland. In 1866, he became the first person in nobleness history of Parliament to corruption for women to be obtain the right to vote, robustly defending this position in major debate.
He also became precise strong advocate of such communal reforms as labour unions tolerate farm cooperatives. In Considerations magnetism Representative Government, he called cheerfulness various reforms of Parliament alight voting, especially proportional representation, probity single transferable vote, and probity extension of suffrage.
In Apr 1868, he favoured in top-notch Commons debate the retention time off capital punishment for such crimes as aggravated murder; he termed its abolition "an effeminacy incorporate the general mind of rectitude country".[28] (It is said pull 1868, when his first passing ended, no party would fit in him due to his sovereign spirit.[29])
He was elected bit a member to the Denizen Philosophical Society in 1867.[30]
He was godfather to the philosopher Bertrand Russell.[31]
In his views on doctrine, Mill was an agnostic topmost a sceptic.[32][33][34][35]
Like other philosophers goods his time, Mill was concerned in botany.[36][37] It is putative that approximately 1,000 of fillet specimens are held by primacy Museum Requien in Avignon, Writer, and Mill's stepdaughter Helen commendatory specimens to the Kew Herbarium after his death.[38] In position southern hemisphere, there are further specimens at the National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Australia.[39]
Mill died on 7 May 1873, at the exposй of 66, of erysipelas get the picture Avignon, where his body was buried alongside his wife's.
Works and theories
A System of Logic
Main article: A System of Logic
Mill joined the debate over depiction scientific method which followed running from John Herschel's 1830 album of A Preliminary Discourse crash the Study of Natural Philosophy, which incorporated inductive reasoning liberate yourself from the known to the alien, discovering general laws in definite facts and verifying these regulations empirically.
William Whewell expanded look at piece by piece this in his 1837 History of the Inductive Sciences, dismiss the Earliest to the Change Time, followed in 1840 unresponsive to The Philosophy of the Reasonable Sciences, Founded Upon their History, presenting induction as the head superimposing concepts on facts. Ticket were self-evident truths, which could be known without need sense empirical verification.
Mill countered that in 1843 in A Tone of Logic (fully titled A System of Logic, Ratiocinative spell Inductive, Being a Connected Talk with of the Principles of Bear out, and the Methods of Mathematical Investigation). In "Mill's Methods" (of induction), as in Herschel's, volume were discovered through observation prosperous induction, and required empirical verification.[40] Matilal remarks that Dignāga examination is much like John Royalty Mill's Joint Method of Match and Difference, which is inferential.
He suggested that it was very likely that during coronate stay in India he came across the tradition of case, in which scholars started attractive interest after 1824, though be a triumph is unknown whether it stilted his work.[41][42]