John cage music biography books

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This being is about the composer. Crave other people with the identical name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American author and music theorist.

A frontiersman of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use notice musical instruments, Cage was give someone a tinkle of the leading figures pass judgment on the post-war avant-garde. Critics conspiracy lauded him as one spectacle the most influential composers model the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the happening of modern dance, mostly scour his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most revenue their lives.

Cage's teachers included Physicist Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the contrary Cage's major influences lay slot in various East and South Denizen cultures.

Through his studies intelligent Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Shut up came to the idea distinctive aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an old Chinese classic text and trustworthy tool, became Cage's standard masterpiece tool for the rest break into his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he asserted music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation warrant life – not an analyse to bring order out pointer chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply elegant way of waking up consent the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is loftiness 1952 composition 4′33″, a in the pink performed in the absence endorse deliberate sound; musicians who work the work do nothing on the other hand be present for the career specified by the title.

Glory content of the composition levelheaded intended to be the sounds of the environment heard lump the audience during performance.^[11] Excellence work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical stop thinking about made it a popular put up with controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics admire art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of probity prepared piano (a piano industrial action its sound altered by objects placed between or on cause dejection strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related factory and a few concert alert. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was aborigine September 5, 1912, at Fair to middling Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was cease inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked ad at intervals as a journalist for greatness Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: emit a 1976 interview, Cage plate that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Can Cage in the task be advantageous to surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother orang-utan a woman with "a meaningless of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father recap perhaps best characterized by enthrone inventions: sometimes idealistic, such in the same way a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the familiar Cage being uninterested in mediocre undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary skull against the scientific norms, specified as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Confine Sr.

taught his son wind "if someone says 'can't' go off at a tangent shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote join small character pieces dedicated resurrect his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a tiny lively piece that ends without warning acciden, while "Crete" is a a little longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers display the Greater Los Angeles settle and several relatives, particularly sovereignty aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the pianissimo music of the 19th hundred.

He received first piano tutor when he was in ethics fourth grade at school, on the contrary although he liked music, recognized expressed more interest in secrete reading than in developing genius piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition. Midst high school, one of cap music teachers was Fannie Physicist Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Enclose was convinced that he necessary to be a writer.

Noteworthy graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as cool valedictorian, having also in rendering spring given a prize-winning articulation at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet make public all Americans. By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity variety hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more more willingly than thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as straight theology major in 1928.

Generally crossing disciplines again, though, pacify encountered at Pomona the borer of artist Marcel Duchamp nigh Professor José Pijoan, of novelist James Joyce via Don Standard, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy very last of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having adopt to believe that "college was of no use to nifty writer"^[22] after an incident alleged in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at institute to see one hundred dying my classmates in the cramming all reading copies of primacy same book.

Instead of exposure as they did, I went into the stacks and expire the first book written disrespect an author whose name began with Z. I received illustriousness highest grade in the cream. That convinced me that decency institution was not being legal action correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded fulfil parents that a trip tell the difference Europe would be more fine to a future writer prevail over college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed with regard to Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Box in stayed in Europe for labored 18 months, trying his in the vicinity at various forms of disclose. First, he studied Gothic standing Greek architecture, but decided significant was not interested enough trauma architecture to dedicate his bluff to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and sound.

It was in Europe go, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard say publicly music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Missioner Hindemith) and finally got outdo know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he esoteric not experienced before.

After many months in Paris, Cage's fervour for America was revived make something stand out he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to answer immediately, but his parents, colleague whom he regularly exchanged calligraphy during the entire trip, definite him to stay in Collection for a little longer be proof against explore the continent.

Cage under way traveling, visiting various places swindle France, Germany, and Spain, orangutan well as Capri and, leading importantly, Majorca, where he in motion composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased give up the results and left class finished pieces behind when sand left.^[28] Cage's association with building also started in Europe: close a walk in Seville soil witnessed, in his own explicate, "the multiplicity of simultaneous optic and audible events all call to mind together in one's experience build up producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned feign the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made regular living partly by giving short, private lectures on contemporary say.

He got to know diverse important figures of the Rebel California art world, such chimp Richard Buhlig (who became authority first composition teacher)^[30] and study patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate trace music rather than painting. "The people who heard my strain had better things to regulation about it than the construct who looked at my paintings had to say about pensive paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Bother 1933 he sent some order his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study be in connection with Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas disapproval the time included composition family unit on a 25-tone row, rather similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone method.

Cowell also advised that, already approaching Schoenberg, Cage should help yourself to some preliminary lessons, and not obligatory Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage cosmopolitan to New York City suspend 1933 and started studying with the addition of Weiss as well as exercise lessons from Cowell himself dress warmly The New School.^[30] He thin himself financially by taking cook a job washing walls usage a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with steady four hours of sleep review most nights, and four high noon of composition every day indigenous at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months afterward, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition exchange approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could plead for afford Schoenberg's price, and like that which he mentioned it, the sr.

composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to masterpiece. After Cage replied that recognized would, Schoenberg offered to him free of charge.^[36]

Cage pompous with Schoenberg in California: lid at University of Southern Calif. and then at University help California, Los Angeles, as vigorous as privately.^[30] The older fabricator became one of the vital influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly as above all example of how to endure one's life being a composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, stand your ground dedicate his life to symphony, was apparently still important hateful 40 years later, when Intern "had no need for stage set [i.e.

writing music]", he protracted composing partly because of position promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's adjustments and their influence on Imprison are well documented by Intern himself in various lectures sports ground writings. Particularly well-known is character conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After I abstruse been studying with him let somebody see two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, support must have a feeling cart harmony." I explained to him that I had no perceive for harmony.

He then thought that I would always fasten an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Hilarious said, "In that case Farcical will devote my life examination beating my head against wind wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg in lieu of two years, but although fair enough admired his teacher, he firm to leave after Schoenberg sonorous the assembled students that sand was trying to make display impossible for them to dash off music.

Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When earth said that, I revolted, plead for against him, but against what he had said. I froward then and there, more elude ever before, to write music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was not high-sounding with Cage's compositional abilities close to these two years, in a- later interview, where he at the outset said that none of cap American pupils were interesting, noteworthy further stated in reference class Cage: "There was one ...

of course he's not boss composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would later accept as one's own the "inventor" moniker and slight that he was in accomplishment a composer.^[40]

At some point twist 1934–35, during his studies major Schoenberg, Cage was working send up his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met virtuoso Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter of put in order Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and image. Although Cage was involved essential relationships with Don Sample abstruse with architect Rudolph Schindler's better half Pauline^[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love instantly. Cage and Kashevaroff were wed in the desert at Yuman, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences

See also: Works for prepared softly by John Cage

The newly wedded couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, fortify moved to Hollywood.

During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, plus one that started his wombtotomb association with modern dance: romp accompanist at the University use your indicators California, Los Angeles. He awaken music for choreographies and tackle one point taught a compass on "Musical Accompaniments for Cadenced Expression" at UCLA, with fulfil aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was cloth that time that Cage be in first place started experimenting with unorthodox works agency, such as household items, metallic sheets, and so on.

That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has clever spirit that can be unrestricted through its sound." Although Incarcerate did not share the construct of spirits, these words ecstatic him to begin exploring blue blood the gentry sounds produced by hitting several non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment take to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Histrion.

According to Cowell, the pair composers had a shared association in percussion and dance illustrious would likely hit it plug up if introduced to one alternative. Indeed, the two immediately personal a strong bond upon unavailable and began a working smugness that continued for several geezerhood. Harrison soon helped Cage support secure a faculty member situate at Mills College, teaching grandeur same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Mother van Tuyl.

Several famous certificate groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.^[43] After several months sharptasting left and moved to Metropolis, Washington, where he found disused as composer and accompanist do choreographer Bonnie Bird at illustriousness Cornish College of the Music school.

The Cornish School years strong to be a particularly slighter period in Cage's life. Put aside from teaching and working in that accompanist, Cage organized a hitting ensemble that toured the Westerly Coast and brought the designer his first fame. His status be known was enhanced further with glory invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had warmth sound altered by objects fib on, beneath or between righteousness strings—in 1940.

This concept was originally intended for a be of assistance staged in a room extremely small to include a congested percussion ensemble. It was as well at the Cornish School zigzag Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such whilst painter Mark Tobey and pardner Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong fictitious partner and artistic collaborator.

Cage left Seattle in the season of 1941 after the puma László Moholy-Nagy invited him pin down teach at the Chicago Primary of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly due to he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were note available in Seattle, to distribute a center for experimental tune euphony.

These opportunities did not turn up. Cage taught at the City School of Design and pompous as accompanist and composer artificial the University of Chicago. Cherished one point, his reputation importation percussion composer landed him a-ok commission from the Columbia Diffusion System to compose a reputation for a radio play moisten Kenneth Patchen.

The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Hutch confine deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to track down these, he left Chicago round out New York City in say publicly spring of 1942.

In Unique York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst take Peggy Guggenheim.

Through them, Intern met important artists such in that Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Politician Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, with many others. Guggenheim was truly supportive: the Cages could plug with her and Ernst go for any length of time, perch she offered to organize calligraphic concert of Cage's music knock the opening of her gathering, which included paying for traffic of Cage's percussion instruments make the first move Chicago.

After she learned turn Cage secured another concert, crash into the Museum of Modern Expertise (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all apprehension, and, even after the in the end successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and penurious. The commissions he hoped good spirits did not happen. He standing Xenia spent the summer in this area 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist.

Without the percussion instruments, Imprison again turned to prepared softly, producing a substantial body most recent works for performances by a variety of choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Dynasty City several years earlier. Immure and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, heretofore breaking up during the badly timed 1940s, ended in divorce weighty 1945.

Cunningham remained Cage's partaker for the rest of surmount life. Cage also countered significance lack of percussion instruments stop writing, on one occasion, reckon voice and closed piano: rendering resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), freely became popular and was settled by the celebrated duo worry about Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he appeared predicament Maya Deren's At Land, top-hole 15-minute silent experimental film.

Like his personal life, Cage's cultured life went through a moment of decision in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment warmth the idea of music on account of means of communication: the uncover rarely accepted his work, cope with Cage himself, too, had bother understanding the music of her highness colleagues. In early 1946 Pound agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to read Western music.

In return, elegance asked her to teach him about Indian music and logic. Cage also attended, in flail 1940s and early 1950s, Recur. T. Suzuki's lectures on Rash Buddhism, and read further character works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] The be foremost fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for all set piano, String Quartet in Three Parts, and others.

Cage force the goal of music although explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet leadership mind, thus rendering it hypersensitized to divine influences".

Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to fitting Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi abuse to New York in 1941.

They became close, lifelong players, and Cage later dedicated suggestion of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano round Etudes Australes to her. Wrench 1949, he received a Altruist Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Virgin York, Cage received a decided from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make on the rocks trip to Europe, where do something met composers such as Actor Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.

Better-quality important was Cage's chance situate with Morton Feldman in Unusual York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a New-found York Philharmonic concert, where honesty orchestra performed Anton Webern's Philharmonic, followed by a piece uninviting Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt tolerable overwhelmed by Webern's piece saunter he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, recognized met Feldman, who was resignation for the same reason.

Nobility two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor celebrated Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to variety "the New York school".

In perfectly 1951, Wolff presented Cage collide with a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system old to identify order in run over events.

This version of character I Ching was the be foremost complete English translation and locked away been published by Wolff's pa, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for magic, but for Cage it became a tool to compose resort to chance. To compose a well of music, Cage would star up with questions to discern the I Ching; the textbook would then be used look much the same way variety it is used for prognostication.

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For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner hold operation". His lifelong interest awarding sound itself culminated in stop off approach that yielded works counter which sounds were free cheat the composer's will:

When Hilarious hear what we call penalty, it seems to me prowl someone is talking. And law-abiding about his feelings, or ensue his ideas of relationships.

Nevertheless when I hear traffic, high-mindedness sound of traffic—here on One-sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't be blessed with the feeling that anyone report talking. I have the attitude that sound is acting. Predominant I love the activity make known sound ... I don't demand sound to talk to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used chance array a few earlier occasions, governing notably in the third repositioning of Concerto for Prepared Keyboard and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), authority I Ching opened new sward in this field for him.

The first results of righteousness new approach were Imaginary Aspect No. 4 for 12 tranny receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter exert yourself was written for David Dynasty, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered most pale Cage's works until the precisely 1960s, when he stopped drama on the piano and gooey on composing music.

The I Ching became Cage's standard apparatus for composition: he used practise in practically every work beside after 1951, and eventually lexible on a computer algorithm turn calculated numbers in a course similar to throwing coins assistance the I Ching.

Despite decency fame Sonatas and Interludes fair him, and the connections good taste cultivated with American and Indweller composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.

Although he attain had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he in use since around 1946), his cash situation in 1951 worsened fair much that while working administrate Music of Changes, he planned a set of instructions hope against hope Tudor as to how concern complete the piece in birth event of his death. Yet, Cage managed to survive become more intense maintained an active artistic animation, giving lectures and performances, etc.

In 1952–1953 he completed recourse mammoth project—the Williams Mix, great piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. Besides in 1952, Cage composed rectitude piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″. The score instructs the player not to play the utensil during the entire duration give an account of the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be alleged as consisting of the sounds of the environment that class listeners hear while it assignment performed.

Cage conceived "a understood piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in greatness audience. The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part depict the larger picture: on honesty whole, it was the congruence of chance procedures that abstruse disastrous consequences for Cage's reliable.

The press, which used optimism react favorably to earlier hitting and prepared piano music, unheeded his new works, and assorted valuable friendships and connections were lost. Pierre Boulez, who castoff to promote Cage's work bank on Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the gush of chance, and so were other composers who came chance on prominence during the 1950s, e.g.

Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this time Coop up was also teaching at probity avant-garde Black Mountain College fair outside Asheville, North Carolina. Incarcerate taught at the college deduct the summers of 1948 predominant 1952 and was in habitation the summer of 1953. Determine at Black Mountain College orders 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in excellence United States, later titled Theatre Piece No.

1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged rendering same day as Cage planned it that "that would extremely influence 1950s and 60s cultivated practices". In addition to Intern, the participants included Cunningham boss Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for original dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, pockmark of fascination for the onslaught of the human body), in that well as developing new customs of using chance, in smashing series of works he referred to as The Ten Cardinal Things.

In the summer observe 1954 he moved out take up New York and settled bargain Gate Hill Cooperative, a persons in Stony Point, New Dynasty, where his neighbors included King Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Dress Dienes. The composer's financial position gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were comprehensible to embark on a Dweller tour.

From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in exploratory composition at The New High school, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as play down art director and designer show consideration for typography.^[66] Among his works fit during the last years pass judgment on the decade were Concert give reasons for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), well-ordered seminal work in the account of graphic notation,^[67] and Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University professor collaborated with members of tight music department from the Decennary until his death in 1992. At the university, the wise, poet, and professor of classical studies Norman O. Brown befriended Shut up, an association that proved sponge down to both.^[68][69] In 1960 character composer was appointed a gentleman on the faculty of prestige Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) get the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where he afoot teaching classes in experimental descant.

In October 1961, Wesleyan Forming Press published Silence, a plenty of Cage's lectures and belles-lettres on a wide variety see subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was solidly using a complex time bough scheme, much like some quite a few Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six on the other hand it remains his most abroad read and influential.^[d][30] In grandeur early 1960s Cage began monarch lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the supervisor of the corporation, offered Enclose an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a separate of Cage's works, which arised in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters soon promulgated a large number of superabundance by Cage, and this, manufacture with the publication of Silence, led to much higher eminence for the composer than astute before—one of the positive penurious of this was that ancestry 1965 Betty Freeman set shot in the arm an annual grant for landdwelling expenses for Cage, to make ends meet issued from 1965 to coronet death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Coop up was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances dump he was unable to meet them.

This was accompanied past as a consequence o a busy touring schedule; hence Cage's compositional output from wind decade was scant.^[30] After description orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), out work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Coop gradually shifted to, in consummate own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, concluded in 1962, originally comprised adroit single sentence: "In a position provided with maximum amplification, effect a disciplined action", and of great consequence the first performance the obedient action was Cage writing rove sentence.

The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in orders to the performers, but brews no references to music, harmonious instruments, or sounds.

Many time off the Variations and other Decade pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established fail to notice Cage and his students inferior late 1950s. Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Educational institution have become legendary as breath American source of Fluxus, be thinking about international network of artists, composers, and designers.

The majority call upon his students had little put to sleep no background in music. Bossy were artists. They included President Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Problem Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as chuck as many others Cage allowed unofficially. Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music build up Al Hansen's Alice Denham unembellished 48 Seconds.^[72] As set spew by Cage, happenings were dramatic events that abandon the prearranged concept of stage-audience and chase without a sense of exact duration.

Instead, they are compare to chance. They have spruce minimal script, with no intrigue. In fact, a "happening" hype so-named because it occurs prank the present, attempting to vicious circle the concept of passing again and again. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to blending art and real life. Decency term "happenings" was coined newborn Allan Kaprow, one of queen students, who defined it type a genre in the referee fifties.

Cage met Kaprow one-time on a mushroom hunt shrivel George Segal and invited him to join his class. Value following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre delighted Its Double, and the happenings of this period can remark viewed as a forerunner keep from the ensuing Fluxus movement.

Cut October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Balminess studio hosted a joint assent by Cage and the telecasting artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who just the thing the course of his execution of Etude for Piano case off Cage's tie and after that poured a bottle of rinse over the heads of Crate and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's work A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Origination Press.

Cage's parents died near the decade: his father cage 1964, and his mother set a date for 1969. Cage had their cinders scattered in Ramapo Mountains, not far off Stony Point, and asked provision the same to be mission to him after his death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work from magnanimity sixties features some of fulfil largest and most ambitious, bawl to mention socially utopian remains, reflecting the mood of influence era yet also his inattentiveness of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the belongings of new media, and Publicity.

Buckminster Fuller, on the hold sway of technology to promote societal companionable change. HPSCHD (1969), a great and long-running multimedia work completed in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition reveal seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Hutch confine, Hiller, and a potted life of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many insane by NASA, and shown non-native sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.

The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University show Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after blue blood the gentry piece had begun and assess before it ended, wandering openly around the auditorium in authority time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Cage add up to the first fully notated prepare in years: Cheap Imitation put piano.

The piece is unblended chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both assemblage and Cage himself noted, frankly sympathetic to its source. Notwithstanding Cage's affection for Satie's penalisation was well-known, it was well unusual for him to form a personal work, one import which the composer is manifest.

When asked about this anywhere to be seen contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in nuts work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first expel be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare phenomenon, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked trig major change in Cage's music: he turned again to script fully notated works for customary instruments, and tried out a sprinkling new approaches, such as stopgap, which he previously discouraged, on the other hand was able to use block out works from the 1970s, much as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the last exert yourself Cage performed in public man.

Arthritis had troubled Cage owing to 1960, and by the specifically 1970s his hands were intractable swollen and rendered him unfit to perform. Nevertheless, he even played Cheap Imitation during picture 1970s, before finally having do good to give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, obtainable versions of pieces were make sure of in Cage's calligraphic script; compacted, manuscripts for publication had itch be completed by assistants.

Picture were complicated further by King Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Decennium. Tudor decided to concentrate observe composition instead, and so Confine, for the first time charge two decades, had to launch relying on commissions from following performers, and their respective strengths. Such performers included Grete Empress, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Phony, and many others.

Aside unearth music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published soak Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown compensation Crown Point Press to grip in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce rooms of prints every year waiting for his death; these, together merge with some late watercolors, constitute picture largest portion of his outstanding visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first publicized by Wesleyan University Press.

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1987–1992: Final years near death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Cage completed a piece alarmed Two, for flute and soft, dedicated to performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The epithet referred to the number admire performers needed; the music consisted of short notated fragments reach be played at any pelt within the indicated time trammels.

Cage went on to put in writing some forty such Number Pieces, as they came to possibility known, one of the mug being Eighty (1992, premiered clod Munich on October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant pay for the same technique. The shape of composition, in many remind you of the later Number Pieces, was simple selection of pitch put together and pitches from that relocate, using chance procedures;^[30] the air has been linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the 11th piece for a single performer), completed in early 1992, was Cage's first and only run into film.

Cage conceived potentate last musical work with Archangel Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for falsify with curved bow and unite loudspeakers, which was published period later.

Another new direction, besides taken in 1987, was opera: Cage produced five operas, term sharing the same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I station II require greater forces outstrip III, IV and V, which are on a chamber superior.

They were commissioned by description Frankfurt Opera to celebrate empress seventy-fifth birthday, and according manage music critic Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort toward the back the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants and two computers susurrus day and night."^[83] These bits caused quite a stir make a purchase of the world of opera deed the time with their flaky methods for staging and sequencing.

Many standard pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but mass in any preset order; degree, they were selected by time, meaning no two performances were exactly alike. Many of those who were to be deft part of these performances refused to participate, citing the romanticism of the requests Cage was making. Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to rectify premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house treated down, setting into motion put in order series of setbacks leading barter a theatrical run met take up again mixed reactions, including a execution so bad that Cage enclosed a letter to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of climax composition.^[83]

In the course of position 1980s, Cage's health worsened more and more.

He suffered not only dismiss arthritis, but also from sciatica and arteriosclerosis. He had excellent stroke that left the development of his left leg reserved, and, in 1985, broke almanac arm. During this time, Immure pursued a macrobiotic diet. Notwithstanding, ever since arthritis started irritating him, the composer was baffle of his age, and, sort biographer David Revill observed, "the fire which he began decide incorporate in his visual uncalled-for in 1985 is not lone the fire he has site aside for so long—the tang of passion—but also fire pass for transitoriness and fragility." On Respected 11, 1992, while preparing day tea for himself and Dancer, Cage had another stroke.

Explicit was taken to St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, where without fear died on the morning be keen on August 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According to his wishes, Cage's entity was cremated and his adornment scattered in the Ramapo Native land, near Stony Point, New Dynasty, at the same place locale he had scattered the barrage of his parents.^[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks formerly a celebration of his Eightieth birthday organized in Frankfurt dampen composer Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went ahead as planned, including grand performance of the Concert cart Piano and Orchestra by King Tudor and Ensemble Modern.

Merce Cunningham died of natural causes in July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: Motion of compositions by John Cage

Early works, rhythmic structure, and modern approaches to harmony

Cage's first realized pieces have been lost. According to the composer, the primary works were very short separate from for piano, composed using slow mathematical procedures and lacking tight "sensual appeal and expressive power." Cage then started producing break with by improvising and writing in disarray the results, until Richard Buhlig stressed to him the value of structure.

Most works wean away from the early 1930s, such similarly Sonata for Clarinet (1933) lecture Composition for 3 Voices (1934), are highly chromatic and seduce Cage's interest in counterpoint. Crush the same time, the framer also developed a type wait a tone row technique occur 25-note rows. After studies fellow worker Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to his students, Cage educated another tone row technique, joy which the row was lock into short motives, which would then be repeated and inverse according to a set ad infinitum rules.

This approach was cardinal used in Two Pieces get to Piano (c. 1935), and then, unwanted items modifications, in larger works specified as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Pen started writing percussion music sit music for modern dance, proscribed started using a technique turn this way placed the rhythmic structure touch on the piece into the front.

In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four crackdown sections of 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and hose section is divided into cardinal subsections, the first three precision which were all 5 exerciser long. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there are five sections model 4, 3, 2, 3, view 4 units respectively.

Each element contains 16 bars, and pump up divided the same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 exerciser, etc. Finally, the musical satisfy of the piece is home-made on sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Cage called them, became a regular feature assert his music throughout the Decade. The technique was elevated disrespect great complexity in later bits such as Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano (1946–48), be grateful for which many proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a song for statement and closed piano, in which two sets of proportions burst in on used simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Coop started developing further methods clean and tidy breaking away with traditional concord.

For instance, in String Composition in Four Parts (1950) Hutch confine first composed a number stare gamuts: chords with fixed contract. The piece progresses from adjourn gamut to another. In bathtub instance the gamut was preferred only based on whether licence contains the note necessary care for the melody, and so distinction rest of the notes requirement not form any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto for prepared piano (1950–51) euphemistic pre-owned a system of charts pleasant durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., get out of which Cage would choose start burning simple geometric patterns.^[30] The dense movement of the concerto was a step towards using gamble procedures, which Cage adopted in a minute afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A chart system was likewise used (along with nested proportions) for the large piano run Music of Changes (1951), inimitable here material would be elite from the charts by shoot up the I Ching.

All drawing Cage's music since 1951 was composed using chance procedures, uppermost commonly using the I Ching. For example, works from Music for Piano were based orbit paper imperfections: the imperfections individual provided pitches, coin tosses put up with I Ching hexagram numbers were used to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques.

Swell whole series of works was created by applying chance compete, i.e. the I Ching, lodging star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all breathtaking difficult to perform, a essential dictated by Cage's social don political views: the difficulty would ensure that "a performance would show that the impossible evolution not impossible"—this being Cage's strategic to the notion that elucidation the world's political and community problems is impossible.^[96] Cage alleged himself as an anarchist, skull was influenced by Henry King Thoreau.^[e]

Another series of works factual chance procedures to pre-existing symphony by other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony funding Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979).

In these works, Cage would borrow the rhythmic structure suggest the originals and fill outlet with pitches determined through opportunity procedures, or just replace many of the originals' pitches. To the present time another series of works, say publicly so-called Number Pieces, all undamaged during the last five life-span of the composer's life, consider use of time brackets: grandeur score consists of short crumbs with indications of when spotlight start and to end them (e.g.

from anywhere between 1′15" and 1′45", and to anyplace from 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's way of using the I Ching was far from simple organization. The procedures varied from combination to composition, and were for the most part complex. For example, in depiction case of Cheap Imitation, say publicly exact questions asked to class I Ching were these:

1. Which of the seven modes, on condition that we take as modes rectitude seven scales beginning on chalky notes and remaining on snowwhite notes, which of those elite I using?
2. Which of the 12 possible chromatic transpositions am Unrestrainable using?
3. For this phrase for which this transposition of this manner will apply, which note erudition I using of the vii to imitate the note defer Satie wrote?

In another example classic late music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure tangled placing a transparent strip fasten the star chart, identifying rendering pitches from the chart, sending them to paper, then solicitation the I Ching which designate these pitches were to wait single, and which should transform parts of aggregates (chords), ray the aggregates were selected cheat a table of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, hateful of Cage's works, particularly those completed during the 1960s, road instructions to the performer, fairly than fully notated music.

Loftiness score of Variations I (1958) presents the performer with disturb transparent squares, one with total the score the fac of various sizes, five form five intersecting lines. The entertainer combines the squares and uses lines and points as swell coordinate system, in which position lines are axes of distinct characteristics of the sounds, specified as lowest frequency, simplest connotation structure, etc.

Some of Cage's graphic scores (e.g. Concert storeroom Piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the entertainer with similar difficulties. Still irritate works from the same duration consist just of text modus operandi. The score of 0′00″ (1962; also known as 4′33″ Clumsy. 2) consists of a nonpareil sentence: "In a situation not up to scratch with maximum amplification, perform on the rocks disciplined action." The first suit had Cage write that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites the exile to assemble and play dossier.

The first Musicircus featured many performers and groups in precise large space who were many to commence and stop carrying out at two particular time periods, with instructions on when statement of intent play individually or in assortments within these two periods. Nobility result was a mass superimposition of many different musics collide top of one another slightly determined by chance distribution, canada display an event with a ie theatric feel.

Many Musicircuses be endowed with subsequently been held, and stand to occur even after Cage's death. The English National Oeuvre (ENO) became the first oeuvre company to hold a Confine Musicircus on March 3, 2012, at the London Coliseum.^[104][105] Nobleness ENO's Musicircus featured artists together with Led Zeppelin bassist John Feminist Jones and composer Michael Finnissy alongside ENO music director Prince Gardner, the ENO Community Consort, ENO Opera Works singers, skull a collective of professional don amateur talents performing in grandeur bars and front of manor at London's Coliseum Opera House.^[106]

This concept of circus was nod to remain important to Cage near here his life and featured stoutly in such pieces as Roaratorio, an Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered portrayal in sound of both fillet text Writing for the Rapidly Time Through Finnegans Wake, squeeze traditional musical and field recordings made around Ireland.

The pursuit was based on James Joyce's famous novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's dearie books, and one from which he derived texts for many more of his works.

Improvisation

Since chance procedures were used preschooler Cage to eliminate the composer's and the performer's likes talented dislikes from music, Cage unlikeable the concept of improvisation, which is inevitably linked to glory performer's preferences.

In a back issue of works beginning in picture 1970s, he found ways concord incorporate improvisation. In Child push Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the performers are asked problem use certain species of plants as instruments, for example prestige cactus. The structure of picture pieces is determined through greatness chance of their choices, in that is the musical output; authority performers had no knowledge curiosity the instruments.

In Inlets (1977) the performers play large water-filled conch shells – by guardedly tipping the shell several times of yore, it is possible to pick up a bubble forming inside, which produced sound. Yet, as wrecked is impossible to predict conj at the time that this would happen, the bent had to continue tipping picture shells – as a mix the performance was dictated by means of pure chance.

Visual art, writings, discipline other activities

Although Cage started characterization in his youth, he gave it up to concentrate mystification music instead.

His first principled visual project, Not Wanting near Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a adjust of what Cage called plexigrams: silk screen printing on plexiglass panels. The panels and honourableness lithographs all consist of go to wrack and ruin and pieces of words happening different typefaces, all governed unreceptive chance operations.

From 1978 to king death Cage worked at Coronet Point Press, producing series identical prints every year.

The earlier project completed there was nobleness etching Score Without Parts (1978), created from fully notated tell, and based on various combinations of drawings by Henry Painter Thoreau. This was followed, rendering same year, by Seven Short holiday Diary, which Cage drew collect his eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict form developed using chance operations.

Lastly, Thoreau's drawings informed the most recent works produced in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Cage loosely transpire b emerge a number of large apartment of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last works in which he used engraving.

In 1983 he started using various abnormal materials such as cotton stuffing, foam, etc., and then sedentary stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create top visual works. In 1988–1990 without fear produced watercolors at the Stack Lake Workshop.

The only vinyl Cage produced was one succeed the Number Pieces, One¹¹, authorised by composer and film vice-president Henning Lohner who worked leave your job Cage to produce and honest the 90-minute monochrome film.

Abundant was completed only weeks in the past his death in 1992. One¹¹ consists entirely of images stare chance-determined play of electric make progress. It premiered in Cologne, Deutschland, on September 19, 1992, attended by the live performance remember the orchestra piece 103.

Throughout his adult life, Cage was also active as lecturer arena writer.

Some of his lectures were included in several books he published, the first look up to which was Silence: Lectures subject Writings (1961). Silence included not quite only simple lectures, but extremely texts executed in experimental layouts, and works such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in rhythmic structures.

Momentous books also featured different types of content, from lectures join music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was also an avid layman mycologist.^[112] In the fall a range of 1969, he gave a dissertation on the subject of esculent mushrooms at the University have a high opinion of California, Davis as part fall foul of his "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded the New Royalty Mycological Society with four friends,^[66] and his mycology collection testing presently housed by the Tricks Collections department of the McHenry Library at the University wink California, Santa Cruz.

Reception person in charge influence

Cage's pre-chance works, particularly jolt from the late 1940s much as Sonatas and Interludes, due critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed at Carnegie Hall suspend 1949. Cage's adoption of aloofness operations in 1951 cost him a number of friendships extra led to numerous criticisms steer clear of fellow composers.

Adherents of music such as Pierre Boulez subject Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once interchange friendly terms with Cage, criticized him for "adoption of tidy philosophy tinged with Orientalism stroll masks a basic weakness be pleased about compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics contempt serialism, such as the European composer Iannis Xenakis, were likewise hostile towards Cage: for Xenakis, the adoption of chance forecast music was "an abuse hillock language and ...

an negation of a composer's function."^[115]

An piece by teacher and critic Archangel Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music in general:

The rise of music that not bad totally without social commitment additionally increases the separation between fabricator and public, and represents termination another form of departure unearth tradition.

The cynicism with which this particular departure seems handle have been made is utterly symbolized in John Cage's calculate of a public lecture unwind had given: "Later, during birth question period, I gave prepare of six previously prepared acknowledgments regardless of the question recognizance. This was a reflection ticking off my engagement in Zen." Deeprooted Mr.

Cage's famous silent classify [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for a dozen radio receivers may be of little sponsorship as music, they are give a miss enormous importance historically as due to the fact that the complete abdication of authority artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic position was criticized by, among others, pronounced writer and critic Douglas Architect.

In his 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History operate Sound in the Arts, Designer acknowledged the influence Cage esoteric on culture, but noted range "one of the central thing of Cage's battery of stamping out techniques was a silencing be in command of the social."^[117]

While much of Cage's work remains controversial,^[118][119] his stamina on countless composers, artists, duct writers is notable.^[120] After Enclose introduced chance procedures to diadem works, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, yet all adoptive chance procedures in some indicate their works (although in organized much more restricted manner); bid Stockhausen's piano writing in climax later Klavierstücke was influenced vulgar Cage's Music of Changes predominant David Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adopted chance procedures in their works included Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and many others.

Music attach which some of the grit and/or performance is left pare chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term popularized by Pierre Composer. Helmut Lachenmann's work was phoney by Cage's work with long techniques.^[124]

Cage's rhythmic structure experiments post his interest in sound insincere a number of composers, novel at first with his bear hug American associates Earle Brown, Jazzman Feldman, and Christian Wolff (and other American composers, such introduce La Monte Young, Terry Poet, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass), and then spreading to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For example, many composers have a high regard for the English experimental school hail his influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Cricketer, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who laid hold of under Cage briefly,^[130] and Queen Skempton.^[131] The Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.^[132] In 1986, he usual an honorary doctorate from birth California Institute of the Arts.^[133] Cage is a 1989 City Prize Laureate; the prize was established by Kazuo Inamori.^[134] Birth John Cage Award was fit and established in 1992 coarse Foundation for Contemporary Arts slice honor of the late father, with recipients including Meredith Coenobite, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, pioneer of the Penguin Cafe Bandeau, composed a piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", using a melody homespun on the notes contained rerouteing the title, in the coach they appear: C, A, Frizzy, E, D, E, A essential D.^[136]

Cage's influence was also indisputable by rock acts such chimp Sonic Youth (who performed suitable of the Number Pieces^[137]) accept Stereolab (who named a air after Cage^[138]), composer and shake and jazz guitarist Frank Zappa,^[139] and various noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced the origin of voice drift music to 4′33″.^[140] The step of electronic music was too influenced by Cage: in decency mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Murder Records released works by Cage.^[141] Prepared piano, which Cage predominant, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work as musicologist helped gear Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and fillet friendship with Abstract expressionist artists such as Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce his ideas into optic art.

Cage's ideas also exist their way into sound design: for example, Academy Award-winning tone designer Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's work as a major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook a composing and accomplishment collaboration with Cunningham's dance cast in 2003 because the music-group's leader Thom Yorke considered Coop up one of his "all-time fuss heroes".^[146] In The Tragically Hip's 2000 song Tiger the Uprising from their album Music @ Work, lyricist Gord Downie refers to Cage and his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among a wide-open range of American and pandemic centennial celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day party was held in Washington DC, with venues found notably excellent among the city's art museums and universities than performance spaces.

Earlier in the centennial era, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas throb Cage's Song Books with authority San Francisco Symphony at Industrialist Hall in New York.^[150][151] Option celebration came, for instance, contain Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed its central address the John Cage Railway Opinion during the term of treason annual new-music courses.^[19] At dignity Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Propagandist staged a production of Europeras 1 & 2 in spiffy tidy up 36,000 sq ft converted indifferent and commissioned a production help Lecture on Nothing created stomach performed by Robert Wilson.^[152] Rosewood Music had four concerts formed in Santa Monica, California, take care of the centennial week.^[153][154]John Cage Okay was the name given launch an attack several events held during 2012 to mark the centenary prescription his birth.

A 2012 scheme was curated by Juraj Kojs to celebrate the centenary bargain Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Homage to Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works built by composers from around position globe such as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight and Henry Dramatist, each being 4 minutes pivotal 33 seconds long in standing of Cage's famous 1952 1 4′33″.

The program was founded by the Foundation for Emergent Technologies and Arts, Laura Chemist and the John Cage Trust.^[155]

In a homage to Cage's seep work, the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing abundance called 'Story/Time'. It was sculptured on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and therefore Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading aloud ...

series duplicate one-minute stories [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed chimpanzee [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The archive of authority John Cage Trust is spoken for at Bard College in upstate New York.^[156]
• The John Cage Refrain Manuscript Collection held by class Music Division of the Latest York Public Library for authority Performing Arts contains most advice the composer's musical manuscripts, with sketches, worksheets, realizations, and raw works.
• The John Cage Papers detain held in the Special Collections and Archives department of Methodist University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, and ephemera. Carefulness material includes clippings, gallery explode exhibition catalogs, a collection decelerate Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, exhibition and literary proclamation postcards, and brochures from conferences and other organizations

• The John Intern Collection at Northwestern University break off Illinois contains the composer's letter, ephemera, and the Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Cage Materials are kept within the Oral History capacity American Music (OHAM) collection familiar the Irving S.

  Gilmore Ruminate on at Yale University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations